| Title | Ibn Rushd’s Legal Hermeneutics and Moral Theory for a “Living Sharīʿa”. An Alternative Approach to Islamic Law in Ibn Rushd’s Bidāyat al-Mujtahid |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2019 |
| Journal | Oxford Journal of Law and Religion |
| Volume | 8 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 174–205 |
| Categories | Law |
| Author(s) | Serdar Kurnaz |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| According to the Sunnī legal tradition, legal norms should be derived from the authoritative texts of the Qurʾān and Sunna. However, how exactly to derive such norms remains unclear, when no reference can be found to the matter at hand within these sources. The use of maqāṣid at this point might be a viable solution. Little attention, however, is paid to alternative approaches like the one of Ibn Rushd al-Ḥafīd (d 595/1198), which is based on philosophical ethics. Ibn Rushd derives ‘legal precepts’ through analysing the most prominent legal verdicts of Islamic law that were passed by various madhhab. These precepts not only enabled scholars to resolve new legal problems by using ijtihād, they also shed new light on existing legal challenges. This article will analyse Ibn Rushd’s legal hermeneutics in his Bidāyat al-mujtahid by looking at the passages concerning sales of ritually pure (ṭāhir) goods and interest (ribā). |
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| Title | Splitting the Process and the Result: Philosophy from a Legal Perspective in Averroes’ Decisive Treatise |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2019 |
| Published in | Philosophy and Jurisprudence in the Islamic World |
| Pages | 129–144 |
| Categories | Law, Relation between Philosophy and Theology |
| Author(s) | Ziad Bou Akl |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | The Possibility of Religious Freedom: Early Natural Law and the Abrahamic Faiths |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2019 |
| Publication Place | Cambridge |
| Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| Series | Law and Christianity |
| Categories | Theology, Law |
| Author(s) | Karen Taliaferro |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Religious freedom is one of the most debated and controversial human rights in contemporary public discourse. At once a universally held human right and a flash point in the political sphere, religious freedom has resisted scholarly efforts to define its parameters. Taliaferro explores a different way of examining the tensions between the aims of religion and the needs of political communities, arguing that religious freedom is a uniquely difficult human right to uphold because it rests on two competing conceptions, human and divine. Drawing on classical natural law, Taliaferro expounds a new, practical theory of religious freedom for the modern world. By examining conceptions of law such as Sophocles' Antigone, Maimonides' Guide of the Perplexed, Ibn Rushd's Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Rhetoric, and Tertullian's writings, The Possibility of Religious Freedom explains how expanding our notion of law to incorporate such theories can mediate conflicts of human and divine law and provide a solid foundation for religious liberty in modernity's pluralism. |
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| Title | Between Sharīʿa and Human Law: Ibn Rushd and the Unwritten Law of Nature |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2019 |
| Published in | The Possibility of Religious Freedom: Early Natural Law and the Abrahamic Faiths |
| Pages | 83-103 |
| Categories | Law |
| Author(s) | Karen Taliaferro |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Chapter Four builds an Islamic theory of natural law from Ibn Rushd’s (Averroes’) Middle Commentary on Aristotle’s Rhetoric (Talkhi? Kitab al-Kha?aba li Aris?u). This chapter provides original exegesis on Ibn Rushd’s text, particularly those passages concerning what Ibn Rushd describes as an unwritten law of nature (sunan ghayr maktuba fi ?abi?at al-jami?). It expounds upon what I argue is a theory of natural law in the commentary that is largely consonant with Aristotelian natural justice as well as thoroughly Islamic in such a way that it can, and even ought to, inform contemporary understandings of shari?a. This chapter contains the most in-depth discussion of the relationship between revealed religion and natural law, as well as the most detailed proposal for a natural law epistemology. |
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| Ibn Rushd’s the Decisive Treatise (1126–98) is widely acknowledged as an important text for understanding his legal ideas, with some scholars describing this text as a legal opinion (fatwa) issued for the Malikite jurists of that period. Contrastingly, I argue that the Decisive Treatise forms part of Ibn Rushd’s broader vision for political reform, and should thus be reconsidered as an important text for understanding his ideas on political authority. Whilst Ibn Rushd persisted in advancing the Almohad policy of reform, by calling on the religious scholars who occupied an important space in Almohad society to relinquish their narrow positions on how to understand and interpret Islamic Law, he went further in devising his own guidelines for reform. This constituted an argument that Greek ideas, and the wisdom of the ancient philosophers, are not only compatible with Islamic principles but also stand to offer much-needed guidance. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5770","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5770,"authors_free":[{"id":6683,"entry_id":5770,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Ayesha Omar","free_first_name":"Ayesha ","free_last_name":"Omar","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"Ibn Rushd\u2019s The Decisive Treatise: A Text for Political Reform","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Ibn Rushd\u2019s The Decisive Treatise: A Text for Political Reform"},"abstract":"Ibn Rushd\u2019s the Decisive Treatise (1126\u201398) is widely acknowledged as an important text for understanding his legal ideas, with some scholars describing this text as a legal opinion (fatwa) issued for the Malikite jurists of that period. Contrastingly, I argue that the Decisive Treatise forms part of Ibn Rushd\u2019s broader vision for political reform, and should thus be reconsidered as an important text for understanding his ideas on political authority. Whilst Ibn Rushd persisted in advancing the Almohad policy of reform, by calling on the religious scholars who occupied an important space in Almohad society to relinquish their narrow positions on how to understand and interpret Islamic Law, he went further in devising his own guidelines for reform. This constituted an argument that Greek ideas, and the wisdom of the ancient philosophers, are not only compatible with Islamic principles but also stand to offer much-needed guidance.","btype":3,"date":"2019","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0971945818801398","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":26,"category_name":"Law","link":"bib?categories[]=Law"},{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"},{"id":51,"category_name":"Thomas","link":"bib?categories[]=Thomas"}],"authors":[],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5770,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"The Medieval History Journal","volume":"22","issue":"1","pages":"131-155"}},"sort":[2019]}
| Title | The Contention between Secular and Revealed Law: Analyzing Ibn Rushd’s Solution to the Problem of the “Virtuous Society” |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2019 |
| Journal | Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies |
| Volume | 4 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 43–65 |
| Categories | Politics, Law, Commentary, Plato |
| Author(s) | Jaan S. Islam |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| This article is an analysis of the political thought of Ibn Rushd and its significance for the current conflict in Islamic political thought between liberal, secular and conservative Islamist thinkers over the meaning of the “virtuous society” and how it can be implemented. It is argued that the thought of Ibn Rushd offers a concept of the virtuous society that reconciles secular law and religious Sharī‘a law. The article analyzes Ibn Rushd’s Commentary on Plato’s Republic, and assesses it as potentially being able to reconcile the philosophical conflict between logically discerned law and revealed law. It is contended that the separation between “religious” and “political” (i.e., philosophical) domains often attributed to Ibn Rushd does not fully consider the entirety of Ibn Rushd’s writings and interprets his works without regard for their historical and religious contextual significance. |
| Online Access | https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jims.4.1.02 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.2979/jims.4.1.02 |
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| Title | Averroes on Juridical Reasoning |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2019 |
| Published in | Interpreting Averroes. Critical Essays |
| Pages | 45–63 |
| Categories | Law, al-Fārābī, Aristotle, Rhetoric |
| Author(s) | Ziad Bou Akl |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| An investigation of Averroes' theory of reasoning in law, showing that his legal epistemology is deeply indebted to the Aristotelian tradition and, in particular, to al-Fārābī’s understanding of analogical reasoning which was in turn based on the idea of an exemplum (mithāl), taken from Aristotle’s logical works and especially the Rhetoric. |
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| Title | Averroes’ Corrective Philosophy of Law |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2019 |
| Published in | Interpreting Averroes. Critical Essays |
| Pages | 64–80 |
| Categories | Law, Rhetoric |
| Author(s) | Feriel Bouhafa |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| A study of “philosophy of law” in Averroes, showing that he assimilates the methods and epistemic status of juridical reasoning to those of rhetoric, so that legal proofs are akin to cases of rhetorical persuasion. Since legal conviction is thus always merely probable, Averroes is able to develop a notion of law as evolving and needing constant correction, as befits a system of norms that applies to changing human circumstance. |
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| Title | ابن رشد الفيلسوف والشريعة : تحقيق وتفسير مختصر المستصفى |
| Transcription | Ibn Rushd al-faylasūf wa al- sharīʿa: taḥqīq wa tafsīr mukhtaṣar al-Mustasfa |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | Arabic |
| Date | 2019 |
| Publication Place | Beirut |
| Publisher | dār al-Fārābī |
| Series | Scientia Graeco-Arabica |
| Volume | 14 |
| Categories | al-Ġazālī, Law |
| Author(s) | Ziad Bou Akl |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| One of Averroes' (Ibn Rushd) earliest works is dedicated to law. The work comprises a summary of al-Ghazali's work on legal theory called al-Mustasfa min 'ilm al-usul. This volume presents a new edition of the Arabic text accompanied by a French translation and commentary. The edition is preceded by a study that draws attention to the main points of difference between the two philosophers. L'un des premiers traités d'Averroès est consacré au droit. Il s'agit d'un abrégé de la somme de théorie juridique d'al-Ghazāli, al-Mustasfā min 'ilm al-usūl. Cette nouvelle édition du texte est accompagnée d'une traduction française et d'un commentaire qui replace les arguments dans leur tradition doctrinale, celle de la théorie juridique véhiculée par le Mustasfā, l'un des traités les plus marquants de cette discipline. |
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| Title | ابن رشد المقلق |
| Transcription | Ibn Rushd al-muqliq |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | Arabic |
| Date | 2019 |
| Publication Place | Beirut |
| Publisher | dār al-kitāb al- jadīd al-muttaḥid |
| Categories | Biography, Law, Medicine |
| Author(s) | Jean-Baptiste Brenet , Georges Zainaty |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5412","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5412,"authors_free":[{"id":6275,"entry_id":5412,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":622,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Jean-Baptiste Brenet","free_first_name":"Jean-Baptiste","free_last_name":"Brenet","norm_person":{"id":622,"first_name":"Jean-Baptiste","last_name":"Brenet","full_name":"Jean-Baptiste Brenet","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1051778867","viaf_url":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/27224973","db_url":"NULL","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Jean-Baptiste Brenet"}},{"id":6276,"entry_id":5412,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Georges Zainaty","free_first_name":"Georges","free_last_name":"Zainaty","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0644\u0642\u202c ","title_transcript":"Ibn Rushd al-muqliq","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0644\u0642\u202c "},"abstract":"","btype":1,"date":"2019","language":"Arabic","online_url":"","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":13,"category_name":"Biography","link":"bib?categories[]=Biography"},{"id":26,"category_name":"Law","link":"bib?categories[]=Law"},{"id":29,"category_name":"Medicine","link":"bib?categories[]=Medicine"}],"authors":[{"id":622,"full_name":"Jean-Baptiste Brenet","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":{"id":5412,"pubplace":"Beirut","publisher":"d\u0101r al-kit\u0101b al- jad\u012bd al-mutta\u1e25id","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"booksection":null,"article":null},"sort":[2019]}
| Title | Averroès à propos de la définition de l'acte légal: le miracle comme levier d'adhésion à la Loi |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2012 |
| Journal | Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph |
| Volume | 64 |
| Pages | 239-259 |
| Categories | Law |
| Author(s) | Ziad Bou Akl |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"2027","_score":null,"_source":{"id":2027,"authors_free":[{"id":2467,"entry_id":2027,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1608,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Ziad Bou Akl","free_first_name":"Ziad","free_last_name":"Bou Akl","norm_person":{"id":1608,"first_name":"Ziad","last_name":"Bou Akl","full_name":"Ziad Bou Akl","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1105658635","viaf_url":"http:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/306483990","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Ziad Bou Akl"}}],"entry_title":"Averro\u00e8s \u00e0 propos de la d\u00e9finition de l'acte l\u00e9gal: le miracle comme levier d'adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 la Loi","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"main_title":{"title":"Averro\u00e8s \u00e0 propos de la d\u00e9finition de l'acte l\u00e9gal: le miracle comme levier d'adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 la Loi"},"abstract":null,"btype":3,"date":"2012","language":"French","online_url":null,"doi_url":null,"ti_url":null,"categories":[{"id":26,"category_name":"Law","link":"bib?categories[]=Law"}],"authors":[{"id":1608,"full_name":"Ziad Bou Akl","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":2027,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"M\u00e9langes de l'Universit\u00e9 Saint-Joseph","volume":"64","issue":null,"pages":"239-259"}},"sort":["Averro\u00e8s \u00e0 propos de la d\u00e9finition de l'acte l\u00e9gal: le miracle comme levier d'adh\u00e9sion \u00e0 la Loi"]}
| Title | Averroès. De la philosophie du droit |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2017 |
| Publication Place | Paris |
| Publisher | L’Harmattan |
| Series | Histoire et Perspectives méditerranéennes |
| Categories | Law |
| Author(s) | André Poupart |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Averroès. Les philosophe et la Loi. Édition, traduction et commentaire de "L’Abrégé du Mustasfa" |
| Type | Edited Book |
| Language | undefined |
| Date | 2015 |
| Publication Place | Boston, Berlin, Munich |
| Publisher | De Gruyter |
| Series | Scientia Graeco-Arabica |
| Volume | 14 |
| Categories | al-Ġazālī, Law, |
| Author(s) | Ziad Bou Akl |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"2056","_score":null,"_source":{"id":2056,"authors_free":[{"id":2502,"entry_id":2056,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1608,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"},"free_name":"Ziad Bou Akl","free_first_name":"Ziad","free_last_name":"Bou Akl","norm_person":{"id":1608,"first_name":"Ziad","last_name":"Bou Akl","full_name":"Ziad Bou Akl","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1105658635","viaf_url":"http:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/306483990","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Ziad Bou Akl"}}],"entry_title":"Averro\u00e8s. Les philosophe et la Loi. \u00c9dition, traduction et commentaire de \"L\u2019Abr\u00e9g\u00e9 du Mustasfa\"","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Averro\u00e8s. Les philosophe et la Loi. \u00c9dition, traduction et commentaire de \"L\u2019Abr\u00e9g\u00e9 du Mustasfa\""},"abstract":"","btype":4,"date":"2015","language":null,"online_url":"","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":14,"category_name":"al-\u0120az\u0101l\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-\u0120az\u0101l\u012b"},{"id":26,"category_name":"Law","link":"bib?categories[]=Law"},{"id":72,"category_name":"","link":"bib?categories[]="}],"authors":[{"id":1608,"full_name":"Ziad Bou Akl","role":2}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":{"id":2056,"pubplace":"Boston, Berlin, Munich","publisher":"De Gruyter","series":"Scientia Graeco-Arabica","volume":"14","edition_no":null,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"booksection":null,"article":null},"sort":["Averro\u00e8s. Les philosophe et la Loi. \u00c9dition, traduction et commentaire de \"L\u2019Abr\u00e9g\u00e9 du Mustasfa\""]}
| Title | Averroès: le philosophe et la Loi. Édition, traduction et commentaire de “L’Abrégé du Mustasfa” |
| Type | Edited Book |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2015 |
| Publication Place | Berlin, Boston |
| Publisher | de Gruyter |
| Series | Scientia Graeco-Arabica |
| Volume | 14 |
| Categories | Law, al-Ġazālī |
| Author(s) | Ziad Bou Akl |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| One of Averroes' (Ibn Rushd) earliest works is dedicated to law. The work comprises a summary of al-Ghazali's work on legal theory called al-Mustasfa min 'ilm al-usul. This volume presents a new edition of the Arabic text accompanied by a French translation and commentary. The edition is preceded by a study that draws attention to the main points of difference between the two philosophers. |
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| Title | Between Sharīʿa and Human Law: Ibn Rushd and the Unwritten Law of Nature |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2019 |
| Published in | The Possibility of Religious Freedom: Early Natural Law and the Abrahamic Faiths |
| Pages | 83-103 |
| Categories | Law |
| Author(s) | Karen Taliaferro |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Chapter Four builds an Islamic theory of natural law from Ibn Rushd’s (Averroes’) Middle Commentary on Aristotle’s Rhetoric (Talkhi? Kitab al-Kha?aba li Aris?u). This chapter provides original exegesis on Ibn Rushd’s text, particularly those passages concerning what Ibn Rushd describes as an unwritten law of nature (sunan ghayr maktuba fi ?abi?at al-jami?). It expounds upon what I argue is a theory of natural law in the commentary that is largely consonant with Aristotelian natural justice as well as thoroughly Islamic in such a way that it can, and even ought to, inform contemporary understandings of shari?a. This chapter contains the most in-depth discussion of the relationship between revealed religion and natural law, as well as the most detailed proposal for a natural law epistemology. |
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| Title | Contribución de Averroes a la ciencia jurídica musulmana |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | Spanish |
| Date | 1993 |
| Published in | Al encuentro de Averroes |
| Pages | 15–38 |
| Categories | Law |
| Author(s) | Maḥmūd ʿAlī Makkī |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Crónica de los jueces musulmanes y III. Estirpe de juristas : Los Banu Rushd, jueces de Córdoba |
| Type | Article |
| Language | Spanish |
| Date | 1971 |
| Journal | Africa |
| Volume | 23 |
| Issue | 353 |
| Pages | 6–9 |
| Categories | Law |
| Author(s) | Rafael Mendizábal Allende |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Decisive Treatise and Epistle Dedicatory |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | undefined |
| Date | 2001 |
| Publication Place | Provo, Utah |
| Publisher | Brigham Young University Press |
| Series | Brigham Young University - Islamic Translation Series |
| Categories | Law, Politics, Relation between Philosophy and Theology |
| Author(s) | Averroes |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) | Charles E. Butterworth |
| Averroës (Ibn Rushd, 1126-1198) emerged from an eminent family in Muslim Spain to become the first and last great Aristotelian of the classical Islamic world; his meticulous commentaries influenced Christian thinkers and earned him favorable mention (and a relatively pleasant fate) in Dante’s Divina Commedia. The Book of the Decisive Treatise was and remains one his most important works and one of history’s best defenses of the legitimate role of reason in a community of faith. The text presents itself as a plea before a tribunal in which the divinely revealed Law of Islam is the sole authority; Averroës, critical of the anti-philosophical tone of the Islamic establishment, argues that the Law not only permits but also mandates the study of philosophy and syllogistic or logical reasoning, defending earlier Muslim philosophers and dismissing criticisms of them as more harmful to the Islamic community than the philosophers’ own views had been. As he details the three fundamental methods the Law uses to aid people of varied capacities and temperaments, Averroës reveals a carefully formed and remarkably argued conception of the boundaries and uses of faith and reason. |
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| Title | Die entscheidende Abhandlung und die Urteilsfällung über das Verhältnis von Gesetz und Philosophie. Arabisch-deutsch. Mit einer Einleitung und kommentierdenden Anmerkungen |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | undefined |
| Date | 2009 |
| Publication Place | Hamburg |
| Publisher | Meiner |
| Series | Philosophische Bibliothek |
| Volume | 600 |
| Categories | Relation between Philosophy and Theology, Law, Theology |
| Author(s) | Averroes , |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) | Franz Schupp |
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