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Dialectical views on metaphysics in Islam: Thoughts of Ibn Rushd and theologians, 2022
By: Aminullah Elhady

Title	Dialectical views on metaphysics in Islam: Thoughts of Ibn Rushd and theologians
Type	Article
Language	English
Date	2022
Journal	HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies
Volume	78
Issue	4
Pages	1-6
Categories	Theology, Metaphysics
Author(s)	Aminullah Elhady
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

This paper discusses the dialectical thoughts of Ibn Rushd and theologians on divine metaphysics. The discussion is based on the study of criticisms and dialogues on the theologians’ view on metaphysics. Three important points emerge: firstly, how Ibn Rushd presented the basis of his critical arguments; secondly, the process of Ibn Rushd’s methods of criticism on the theologians’ metaphysical reasons and lastly, the content of Ibn Rushd’s criticisms of the theologians’ metaphysical reason. This paper provides a detailed description of the themes as accurate and comprehensive ways to provide a basis of Ibn Rushd’s criticism. Contribution: This study contributes to encouraging and changing the views of scholars of Islamic theology that Ibn Rushd, apart from being a philosopher, is also a critical thinker in the field of Islamic theology.

DOI	https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i4.7531

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The Reasons for and the Consequences of Averroes’ Saying Essence to God Abstract, 2021
By: Fevzi Yiğit

Title	The Reasons for and the Consequences of Averroes’ Saying Essence to God Abstract
Type	Article
Language	undefined
Date	2021
Journal	Turkish Academic Research Review - Türk Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi [TARR]
Volume	6
Issue	3
Categories	Theology, Metaphysics
Author(s)	Fevzi Yiğit
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

This article deals with the relative reasons and consequences of Averroes’ saying God the essence. Thus, based on the example of Averroes, it is desired to show that the philosophers’ conception of God is actually directly related to the subject of metaphysics. The distinctions between potential and actual, being-essence and matter-form, which are thought to have strong forms of explanation, will be applied when needed. According to Averroes, his research of being is basically an investigation of essence. Although the concept of being/existence does not represent a higher level of being above the substance, it takes place in metaphysics as a higher concept with different meanings. However, according to Ibn Avicenna, the existing meets a higher level of being than the substance, and therefore its inquiry cannot be only the one for substance. Therefore, according to him, the subject of metaphysics is not a substance qua substance. In short, the possible reasons for Averroes to call God essence are as follows: First, God is the most suitable for the definition of essence in all existence. The second is that, keeping other meanings of being in mind, he accepted the concept of “mawjūd” as a mental concept that has no reality in the external world, that is, as a genus, and therefore only recognized the substance as reality. The third is the idea that the celestial bodies move endlessly. The fourth is his view on the relationship between universals and discrete entities and tangible individual essences. Following Aristotle, Averroes thinks that universals and ideas do not contribute to the existence of individual essences. The possible consequences of Averroes’ calling God a substance are as follows: The first is his Hanbalī attitude towards God in his books Fasl al-maqāl and al-Kashf an manāhij al-adilla, which he wrote on the relationship between religion and philosophy. Secondly, what was mentioned above as a cause, is a cyclical thing that can be expressed as a result here. In other words, while accepting the celestial bodies and the universe as eternal, causes God to be called essence, calling God essence results in the idea that the universe exists only apart and disconnected from him under the influence of God. The third is his rejection of the doctrines of creation out of nothing and sudūr (emanation). The refusal to create out of nothing is based on a general ontological principle -as the ancient philosophers openly expressed- “absolute absence cannot be the source of existence”.

DOI	10.30622/tarr.982738

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The Origin and Nature of Language and Logic: Perspectives in Medieval Islamic, Jewish, and Christian Thought, 2020
By: Nadja Germann (Ed.), Steven Harvey (Ed.)

Title	The Origin and Nature of Language and Logic: Perspectives in Medieval Islamic, Jewish, and Christian Thought
Type	Edited Book
Language	undefined
Date	2020
Publication Place	Turnhout
Publisher	Brepols
Series	Rencontres de Philosophie Médiévale
Volume	20
Categories	Logic, Theology, Metaphysics, al-Fārābī, Aristotle, Avicenna, Maimonides
Author(s)	Nadja Germann , Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

The annual colloquium of the SIEPM in Freiburg, Germany, was groundbreaking in that it featured a more or less equal number of talks on all three medieval cultures that contributed to the formation of Western philosophical thought: the Islamic, Jewish, and Christian traditions. Indeed, the subject of the colloquium, ‘The Origin and Nature of Language and Logic in Medieval Islamic, Jewish, and Christian Thought’, lent itself to such a cross-cultural approach. In all these traditions, partially inspired by ancient Greek philosophy, partially by other sources, language and thought, semantics and logic occupied a central place. As a result, the chapters of the present volume effortlessly traverse philosophical, religious, cultural, and linguistic boundaries and thus in many respects open up new perspectives. It should not be surprising if readers delight in chapters of a philosophical tradition outside of their own as much as they do in those in their area of expertise. Among the topics discussed are the significance of language for logic; the origin of language: inspiration or convention; imposition or coinage; the existence of an original language; the correctness of language; divine discourse; animal language; the meaningfulness of animal sounds; music as communication; the scope of dialectical disputation; the relation between rhetoric and demonstration; the place of logic and rhetoric in theology; the limits of human knowledge; the meaning of categories; the problem of metaphysical entailment; the need to disentangle the metaphysical implications of language; the quantification of predicates; and the significance of linguistic custom for judging logical propositions.

DOI	https://doi.org/10.1484/M.RPM-EB.5.119773

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Only Learning That Distances You from Sins Today Saves You from Hellfire Tomorrow”: Boundaries and Horizons of Education in al-Ghazālī and Ibn Rushd, 2020
By: Sebastian Günther

Title	Only Learning That Distances You from Sins Today Saves You from Hellfire Tomorrow”: Boundaries and Horizons of Education in al-Ghazālī and Ibn Rushd
Type	Book Section
Language	English
Date	2020
Published in	Knowledge and Education in Classical Islam: Religious Learning between Continuity and Change
Pages	260–297
Categories	al-Ġazālī, Science, Theology, Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, Ethics
Author(s)	Sebastian Günther
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

DOI	https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004413214_014

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Islam, causality, and freedom: from the medieval to the modern era, 2020
By: Özgür Koca

Title	Islam, causality, and freedom: from the medieval to the modern era
Type	Monograph
Language	English
Date	2020
Publication Place	Cambridge
Publisher	Cambridge University Press
Categories	Metaphysics, Theology, Surveys
Author(s)	Özgür Koca
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

In this volume, Ozgur Koca offers a comprehensive survey of Islamic accounts of causality and freedom from the medieval to the modern era, as well as contemporary relevance. His book is an invitation for Muslims and non-Muslims to explore a rich, but largely forgotten, aspect of Islamic intellectual history. Here, he examines how key Muslim thinkers, such as Ibn Sina, Ghazali, Ibn Rushd, Ibn Arabi, Suhrawardi, Jurjani, Mulla Sadra and Nursi, among others, conceptualized freedom in the created order as an extension of their perception of causality. Based on this examination, Koca identifies and explores some of the major currents in the debate on causality and freedom. He also discusses the possible implications of Muslim perspectives on causality for contemporary debates over religion and science.

DOI	https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108866965

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Atributos divinos y el problema de la unicidad en Averroes, 2020
By: Joen Laureth Delgado Gómez, Diego Giovanni Castellanos

Title	Atributos divinos y el problema de la unicidad en Averroes
Type	Article
Language	Spanish
Date	2020
Journal	Praxis Filosófica
Volume	50
Pages	65-88
Categories	Metaphysics, Theology
Author(s)	Joen Laureth Delgado Gómez , Diego Giovanni Castellanos
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

El artículo aborda la discusión acerca de la unicidad divina y la existencia de atributos, tanto en la filosofía como en la teología islámica medieval, haciendo énfasis en la obra de Averroes. Se analiza cómo en el pensamiento Islámico, al tiempo que se afirma el dogma de la unicidad divina se sostiene la existencia de atributos reales, apuntando directamente a conceptos dialecticos como unidad y multiplicidad, identidad y diferencia, o igualdad y alteridad. Así mismo, partiendo del análisis de su obra, se busca mostrar la manera en la que el pensador cordobés legitimó el uso de la razón filosófica como camino optimo y recomendado para el abordaje de las verdades religiosas. Se considera que Averroes avanzó en una doctrina teológico-filosófica particular diferente del asharismo que se estaba imponiendo en la época, resistiéndose a Al Ghazali, y reivindicando el valor la perspectiva peripatética para enriquecer el debate en el Islam.

DOI	https://doi.org/10.25100/pfilosofica.v0i50.8838

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Muhammad b. Ahmad Ibn Rushd (d.595-1198), 2019
By: Hannah C. Erlwein

Title	Muhammad b. Ahmad Ibn Rushd (d.595-1198)
Type	Book Section
Language	English
Date	2019
Published in	Arguments for God's existence in classical Islamic thought: A Reappraisal of the Discourse
Pages	172-200
Categories	Theology, Metaphysics, Aristotle
Author(s)	Hannah C. Erlwein
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

DOI	https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110619560-010

{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5468","_score":null,"_ignored":["booksection.book.abstract.keyword"],"_source":{"id":5468,"authors_free":[{"id":6338,"entry_id":5468,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1817,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Hannah C. Erlwein","free_first_name":"Hannah C.","free_last_name":"Erlwein","norm_person":{"id":1817,"first_name":"Hannah C.","last_name":"Erlwein","full_name":"Hannah C. Erlwein","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1191423735","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null,"link":"bib?authors[]=Hannah C. Erlwein"}}],"entry_title":"Muhammad b. Ahmad Ibn Rushd (d.595-1198)","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Muhammad b. Ahmad Ibn Rushd (d.595-1198)"},"abstract":"","btype":2,"date":"2019","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110619560-010","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":39,"category_name":"Theology","link":"bib?categories[]=Theology"},{"id":31,"category_name":"Metaphysics","link":"bib?categories[]=Metaphysics"},{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"}],"authors":[{"id":1817,"full_name":"Hannah C. Erlwein","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":5468,"section_of":5469,"pages":"172-200","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":5469,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"bibliography","type":1,"language":"en","title":"Arguments for God's existence in classical Islamic thought: A Reappraisal of the Discourse","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2019","edition_no":null,"free_date":null,"abstract":"The endeavour to prove God\u2019s existence through rational argumentation was an integral part of classical Islamic theology (kal\u0101m) and philosophy (falsafa), thus the frequently articulated assumption in the academic literature. The Islamic discourse in question is then often compared to the discourse on arguments for God\u2019s existence in the western tradition, not only in terms of its objectives but also in terms of the arguments used: Islamic thinkers, too, put forward arguments that have been labelled as cosmological, teleological, and ontological. This book, however, argues that arguments for God\u2019s existence are absent from the theological and philosophical works of the classical Islamic era. This is not to say that the arguments encountered there are flawed arguments for God\u2019s existence. Rather, it means that the arguments under consideration serve a different purpose than to prove that God exists. Through a close reading of the works of several mutakallim\u016bn and fal\u0101sifa from the 3rd\u20127th\/9th\u201213th century, such as al-B\u0101qill\u0101n\u012b and Fakhr al-D\u012bn al-R\u0101z\u012b as well as Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 and Ibn Rushd, this book proffers a re-evaluation of the discourse in question, and it suggests what its participants sought to prove if it is not that God exists.","republication_of":0,"online_url":"","online_resources":null,"translation_of":"0","new_edition_of":"0","is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110619560","book":{"id":5469,"pubplace":"Berlin; Boston","publisher":"De Gruyter","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"persons":[{"id":6339,"entry_id":5469,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1817,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Hannah C. Erlwein","free_first_name":"Hannah C.","free_last_name":"Erlwein","norm_person":{"id":1817,"first_name":"Hannah C.","last_name":"Erlwein","full_name":"Hannah C. Erlwein","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1191423735","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null}}]}},"article":null},"sort":[2019]}

Whose Prime Mover is More (un)Aristotelian, Broadie’s, Berti’s or Averroes’?, 2019
By: David Twetten

Title	Whose Prime Mover is More (un)Aristotelian, Broadie’s, Berti’s or Averroes’?
Type	Book Section
Language	English
Date	2019
Published in	La philosophie arabe à l’étude. Sens, limites et défis d’une discipline moderne. Studying Arabic Philosophy: Meaning, Limits and Challenges of a Modern Discipline
Pages	345–390
Categories	Aristotle, Metaphysics, Cosmology, Theology, Modern Readings
Author(s)	David Twetten
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Dante et l’averroïsme, 2019
By: Alain de Libera (Ed.), Jean-Baptiste Brenet (Ed.), Irène Rosier-Catach (Ed.)

Title	Dante et l’averroïsme
Type	Edited Book
Language	undefined
Date	2019
Publication Place	Paris
Publisher	Les Belles Lettres & Collège de France
Series	Docet omina
Volume	5
Categories	Averroism, Politics, Theology, Metaphysics
Author(s)	Alain de Libera , Jean-Baptiste Brenet , Irène Rosier-Catach
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

Dante averroïste ? Le plus grand poète du Moyen Âge fut-il le disciple du plus grand philosophe arabe ? La Divine Comédie place Averroès, l’auteur du « Grand commentaire » d’Aristote, en Enfer, et en Paradis son disciple latin Siger de Brabant qui, dans l’actuelle « rue du Fouarre » à Paris, mettait en syllogismes « des vérités importunes ». Jugement de Salomon ? Ce volume collectif traite en détail l’un des chapitres les plus controversés de l’histoire comme de l’historiographie de la philosophie et de la théologie médiévales. Revisitant les textes philosophiques et poétiques de Dante, de la Vita nova au Convivio, au De vulgari eloquentia et à la Monarchia, examinant les productions et les thèses de ses contemporains, interlocuteurs, amis et adversaires, médecins, philosophes et poètes, rappelant et discutant les thèses de ses lecteurs anciens et modernes, les meilleurs spécialistes des domaines concernés, philosophes et italianistes, dressent le bilan de deux siècles d’études sur Dante, mais aussi sur Cavalcanti et sur l’averroïsme latin. Suivant trois grands axes, le langage et la pensée, les émotions, la politique, c’est au coeur de l’histoire et de la culture européennes, à Paris, à Florence, sur les routes de l’exil, que les contributions ici rassemblées plongeront lectrices et lecteurs amoureux de Dante, de l’Italie et de la littérature.

DOI	https://doi.org/10.4000/books.lesbelleslettres.372

Ibn Rushd and Aquinas on God’s Causal Omniscience, 2019
By: Stephen Ogden

Title	Ibn Rushd and Aquinas on God’s Causal Omniscience
Type	Article
Language	English
Date	2019
Journal	The Muslim World
Volume	109
Issue	4
Pages	595–614
Categories	Thomas, Metaphysics, Aristotle, Commentary, Theology
Author(s)	Stephen Ogden
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

DOI	https://doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12312

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The Reasons for and the Consequences of Averroes’ Saying Essence to God Abstract, 2021
By: Fevzi Yiğit

Title	The Reasons for and the Consequences of Averroes’ Saying Essence to God Abstract
Type	Article
Language	undefined
Date	2021
Journal	Turkish Academic Research Review - Türk Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi [TARR]
Volume	6
Issue	3
Categories	Theology, Metaphysics
Author(s)	Fevzi Yiğit
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

DOI	10.30622/tarr.982738

A Comparative study of the theory of dual reality from the perspective of Averroes, followers of Averroes and the church of the thirteenth century, 2015
By: Ali Ghorbani, Fath ali Akbari

Title	A Comparative study of the theory of dual reality from the perspective of Averroes, followers of Averroes and the church of the thirteenth century
Type	Article
Language	Persian
Date	2015
Journal	Comparative Theology
Volume	5
Issue	12
Pages	69-84
Categories	Epistemology, Averroism, Theology, Metaphysics
Author(s)	Ali Ghorbani , Fath ali Akbari
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

In the thirteenth century, along with the return of the European thinkers and philosophers to Aristotelian philosophy and the emergence of the contradiction between Aristotle's philosophy and Christian teachings and religious beliefs, the church put forward a theory known as dual reality. According to this theory everything that is true in theology, its opposite can also be true in philosophy. With this theory, the church accused the philosophers of heresy, while the followers of Averroes considered themselves free of this charge. In his book Faṣl al-maqāl, Averroes appeared to be in favor of the above mentioned theory in a different form. By a precise analysis of the theory through reviewing the now available sources and considering the events followed by attributing this view to the philosophers, one can infer different implications from the theory from the perspective of each of the three sides involved (i.e. Averroes, followers of Averroes and church) and the following division can be sketched: 1- ontological implications: that is to believe in the existence of two types of realities in the universe which can be described in two ways: A) two contradictory scopes in the universe B) two distinct scopes in the universe. 2- Epistemological implications of the dual reality: A) Two ways to reach one reality. B) Two dictions to narrate one reality. C) Duality of the reality in practice. D) Two levels of one single reality. By analyzing each of these implications of the dual reality, one can be led to some consequences according to which based on different works of Averroes he cannot be accused of believing in a kind of duality which makes him deserve heresy.

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Atributos divinos y el problema de la unicidad en Averroes, 2020
By: Joen Laureth Delgado Gómez, Diego Giovanni Castellanos

Title	Atributos divinos y el problema de la unicidad en Averroes
Type	Article
Language	Spanish
Date	2020
Journal	Praxis Filosófica
Volume	50
Pages	65-88
Categories	Metaphysics, Theology
Author(s)	Joen Laureth Delgado Gómez , Diego Giovanni Castellanos
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

DOI	https://doi.org/10.25100/pfilosofica.v0i50.8838

Creation and Science in the Middle Ages, 2007
By: William E. Carroll

Title	Creation and Science in the Middle Ages
Type	Article
Language	English
Date	2007
Journal	New Blackfriars
Volume	88
Issue	1018
Pages	678-689
Categories	Aquinas, Avicenna, Theology, Metaphysics
Author(s)	William E. Carroll
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

Online Access

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43251185

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Dante et l’averroïsme, 2019
By: Alain de Libera (Ed.), Jean-Baptiste Brenet (Ed.), Irène Rosier-Catach (Ed.)

Title	Dante et l’averroïsme
Type	Edited Book
Language	undefined
Date	2019
Publication Place	Paris
Publisher	Les Belles Lettres & Collège de France
Series	Docet omina
Volume	5
Categories	Averroism, Politics, Theology, Metaphysics
Author(s)	Alain de Libera , Jean-Baptiste Brenet , Irène Rosier-Catach
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

DOI	https://doi.org/10.4000/books.lesbelleslettres.372

Des Mégariques aux Ashʿarites : le commentaire d’Averroès à Métaph. Θ 3, 2016
By: Ziad Bou Akl

Title	Des Mégariques aux Ashʿarites : le commentaire d’Averroès à Métaph. Θ 3
Type	Article
Language	French
Date	2016
Journal	Rursus
Volume	9
Categories	Aristotle, Commentary, Metaphysics, Theology
Author(s)	Ziad Bou Akl
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

In his commentary on Metaphysics IX 3, Averroes draws an analogy between the Megarian conception of dunamis, presented and refuted by Aristotle, and that of the Ashʿarites theologians. The study of the Arabic translation of lemmatas of Aristotle’s text (1047a26-28) and of the reformulation by Averroes of the third argument against the Megarians shows a shift commanded by theological issues: since the omnipotence of God can now bypass natural powers, the question of who possess the power should be added to that of its sole possession.

DOI	https://doi.org/10.4000/rursus.1235

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Dialectical views on metaphysics in Islam: Thoughts of Ibn Rushd and theologians, 2022
By: Aminullah Elhady

Title	Dialectical views on metaphysics in Islam: Thoughts of Ibn Rushd and theologians
Type	Article
Language	English
Date	2022
Journal	HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies
Volume	78
Issue	4
Pages	1-6
Categories	Theology, Metaphysics
Author(s)	Aminullah Elhady
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

DOI	https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i4.7531

Eternidade e tempo em Averóis. Da Palavra eterna de deus ao discurso racional dos filósofos, 2007
By: Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira, Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira

Title	Eternidade e tempo em Averóis. Da Palavra eterna de deus ao discurso racional dos filósofos
Type	Book Section
Language	undefined
Date	2007
Published in	Tempo e eternidade na Idade Média
Pages	52–60
Categories	Metaphysics, Theology
Author(s)	Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira , Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Ibn Rushd and Aquinas on God’s Causal Omniscience, 2019
By: Stephen Ogden

Title	Ibn Rushd and Aquinas on God’s Causal Omniscience
Type	Article
Language	English
Date	2019
Journal	The Muslim World
Volume	109
Issue	4
Pages	595–614
Categories	Thomas, Metaphysics, Aristotle, Commentary, Theology
Author(s)	Stephen Ogden
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

DOI	https://doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12312

Ibn Rushd/Averroes and "Islamic" Rationalism, 2009
By: Richard C. Taylor

Title	Ibn Rushd/Averroes and "Islamic" Rationalism
Type	Article
Language	English
Date	2009
Journal	Medieval EncountersAl-Andalus, Sepharad and Medievela Iberia. Cultural Contact and Diffusion
Volume	15
Issue	2
Pages	225–235
Categories	Metaphysics, Theology
Author(s)	Richard C. Taylor
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

The classical rationalist philosophical tradition in Arabic reached its culmination in the writings of the twelfth-century Andalusian Averroes whose translated commentaries on Aristotle conveyed to the Latin West a rationalist approach which significantly challenged and affected theological and philosophical thinking in that Christian context. That methodology is shown at work in his Fasl al-Maqāl or Book of the Distinction of Discourse and the Establishment of the Relation of Religious Law and Philosophy (c. 1280), although the deeply philosophical character of his subtle arguments has gone largely unappreciated. Here the philosophical foundations for his reasoning are exposed to reveal key elements of his rationalism. That approach is confirmed in his assertion in his later Long Commentary on the Metaphysics (c. 1290) that the highest worship of God is to be found first and foremost in the philosophical science of metaphysics rather than in the rituals of religion.

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