Author 412
Averroes’ Commentaries on Book 7 of Aristotle’s Physics, 2023
By: Josep Puig Montada
Title Averroes’ Commentaries on Book 7 of Aristotle’s Physics
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions
Pages 114-129
Categories Physics, Aristotle, Commentary
Author(s) Josep Puig Montada
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes on Imagination (takhayyul) as a Cognitive Power, 2023
By: Deborah L. Black
Title Averroes on Imagination (takhayyul) as a Cognitive Power
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions
Pages 341-360
Categories Natural Philosophy, De anima, Commentary
Author(s) Deborah L. Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Ibn Miskawayh, Ibn Rushd, and Al-Fārābī, 2023
By: G. Hussein Rassool, Mugheera M. Luqman
Title Ibn Miskawayh, Ibn Rushd, and Al-Fārābī
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Foundations of Islāmic Psychology. From Classical Scholars to Contemporary Thinkers
Pages 48-55
Categories al-Fārābī, Psychology
Author(s) G. Hussein Rassool , Mugheera M. Luqman
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
In this particular chapter, three physicians Ibn Miskawayh, Ibn Rushd, and Al-Fārābī, who made some contributions, directly and indirectly, to the development of psychology, are presented. Ibn Miskawayh can be regarded as one of the earliest positive, educational, cognitive psychologists for his treatise on Tahdhīb al-Akhlāq. In positive psychology, he showed how to reach supreme happiness and its virtues. To reach such state, psychological conditions and environmental factors can shape the supreme happiness of human being. The development of a theory of psychotherapy has also been attributed to Ibn Miskawayh and introduced what is now known as "self-reinforcement" and response cost. Ibn Rushd's views on psychology are most fully discussed in his Talkhis Kitab al-Nafs as it "surpasses other sciences, except for divine science." Ibn Rushd described three-fold hierarchy of learning. Ibn Rushd argued that we experience health and illness, and that religious texts contain important information as to how we should behave. What is remarkable with Ibn Rushd is that he examined critically diverse views and argued that all these views are acceptable from different perspectives. Al Fārābī in his Ārāʾ Ahl al-Madīnah al-Fāḍilah describes several principles of social psychology using invented exemplars. Al-Fārābī suggested that the perfect human being has both theoretical virtue and practical moral virtues. At the heart of Al-Farabi's political philosophy is the concept of happiness in which people cooperate to gain contentment. Al-Fārābī used observable realities and experimentation based on clear evidence even though relied on scriptural sources for his intellectual discourse. Al-Fārābī wrote on dreams and explained the distinction between dream Interpretation and the nature and trigger of dreams. His writings on the therapeutic effect of music on the soul later influenced modern mental health and treatment.

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The development of a theory of psychotherapy has also been attributed to Ibn Miskawayh and introduced what is now known as \"self-reinforcement\" and response cost. Ibn Rushd's views on psychology are most fully discussed in his Talkhis Kitab al-Nafs as it \"surpasses other sciences, except for divine science.\" Ibn Rushd described three-fold hierarchy of learning. Ibn Rushd argued that we experience health and illness, and that religious texts contain important information as to how we should behave. What is remarkable with Ibn Rushd is that he examined critically diverse views and argued that all these views are acceptable from different perspectives. Al F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b in his \u0100r\u0101\u02be Ahl al-Mad\u012bnah al-F\u0101\u1e0dilah describes several principles of social psychology using invented exemplars. Al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b suggested that the perfect human being has both theoretical virtue and practical moral virtues. At the heart of Al-Farabi's political philosophy is the concept of happiness in which people cooperate to gain contentment. Al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b used observable realities and experimentation based on clear evidence even though relied on scriptural sources for his intellectual discourse. Al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b wrote on dreams and explained the distinction between dream Interpretation and the nature and trigger of dreams. His writings on the therapeutic effect of music on the soul later influenced modern mental health and treatment.","btype":2,"date":"2023","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"10.4324\/9781003181415-7","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":28,"category_name":"al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b"},{"id":12,"category_name":"Psychology","link":"bib?categories[]=Psychology"}],"authors":[{"id":1854,"full_name":"G. 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It examines the legacy of psychology from an Isl\u0101mic perspective, looking at the contributions of early Isl\u0101mic classical scholars and contemporary psychologists, and to introduce how the history of Isl\u0101mic philosophy and sciences has contributed to the development of classical and modern Isl\u0101mic psychology from its founding to the present. With each chapter covering a key thinker or moment, and also covering the globalisation of psychology, the Isl\u0101misation of knowledge, and the decolonisation of psychology, the work critically evaluates the effects of the globalisation of psychology and its lasting impact on indigenous culture.\r\n\r\nThis book aims to engage and inspire students taking undergraduate and graduate courses on Isl\u0101mic psychology, to recognise the power of history in the academic studies of Isl\u0101mic psychology, to connect history to the present and the future, and to think critically. It is also ideal reading for researchers and those undertaking continuing professional development in Isl\u0101mic psychology, psychotherapy, and counselling.","republication_of":0,"online_url":"","online_resources":null,"translation_of":"0","new_edition_of":"0","is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003181415","book":{"id":5595,"pubplace":"London ","publisher":"Routledge","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"persons":[{"id":6494,"entry_id":5595,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1854,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"G. Hussein Rassool","free_first_name":"G. Hussein","free_last_name":"Rassool","norm_person":{"id":1854,"first_name":"G. Hussein","last_name":" Rassool","full_name":"G. 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Foundations of Islāmic Psychology. From Classical Scholars to Contemporary Thinkers, 2023
By: G. Hussein Rassool, Mugheera M. Luqman
Title Foundations of Islāmic Psychology. From Classical Scholars to Contemporary Thinkers
Type Monograph
Language English
Date 2023
Publication Place London
Publisher Routledge
Categories Psychology, al-Ġazālī, al-Kindī, Avicenna
Author(s) G. Hussein Rassool , Mugheera M. Luqman
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Foundations of Islāmic Psychology: From Classical Scholars to Contemporary Thinkers examines the history of Islāmic psychology from the Islāmic Golden age through the early 21st century, giving a thorough look into Islāmic psychology’s origins, Islāmic philosophy and theology, and key developments in Islāmic psychology. In tracing psychology from its origins in early civilisations, ancient philosophy, and religions to the modern discipline of psychology, this book integrates overarching psychological principles and ideas that have shaped the global history of Islāmic psychology. It examines the legacy of psychology from an Islāmic perspective, looking at the contributions of early Islāmic classical scholars and contemporary psychologists, and to introduce how the history of Islāmic philosophy and sciences has contributed to the development of classical and modern Islāmic psychology from its founding to the present. With each chapter covering a key thinker or moment, and also covering the globalisation of psychology, the Islāmisation of knowledge, and the decolonisation of psychology, the work critically evaluates the effects of the globalisation of psychology and its lasting impact on indigenous culture. This book aims to engage and inspire students taking undergraduate and graduate courses on Islāmic psychology, to recognise the power of history in the academic studies of Islāmic psychology, to connect history to the present and the future, and to think critically. It is also ideal reading for researchers and those undertaking continuing professional development in Islāmic psychology, psychotherapy, and counselling.

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Unfounded Assumptions Reassessing the Differences among Averroes’ Three Kinds of Aristotelian Commentaries, 2023
By: Steven Harvey
Title Unfounded Assumptions Reassessing the Differences among Averroes’ Three Kinds of Aristotelian Commentaries
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions
Pages 471-494
Categories Commentary, Aristotle, Method
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes’ Decisive Treatise (Fasl al-maqal,) and Exposition (Kashf) as Dialectical Works, 2023
By: Peter Adamson
Title Averroes’ Decisive Treatise (Fasl al-maqal,) and Exposition (Kashf) as Dialectical Works
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions
Pages 326-340
Categories Dialectic, Law, Relation between Philosophy and Theology
Author(s) Peter Adamson
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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The Reception of Averroes in Early Scholasticism, 2023
By: Lydia Schumacher
Title The Reception of Averroes in Early Scholasticism
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Human Nature in Early Franciscan Thought. Philosophical Background and Theological Significance
Pages 182-204
Categories Psychology, De anima, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Lydia Schumacher
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
This chapter intervenes in a longstanding debate about the origins of a psychological schema that is found in both of John’s works on the soul as well as in the Summa Halensis. This is the distinction between the material intellect, which is connected to the body, on the one hand, and the agent and possible intellects, which are separable from the body, on the other. Some past scholars have traced this scheme to Averroes’ distinction between a corruptible and an incorruptible intellect, while others have pointed out that there is insufficient evidence of Averroes’ influence at this time to support that attribution. The chapter gathers evidence which suggests that the scheme is a Latin scholastic invention which draws primarily on Avicenna and Aristotle rather than Averroes.

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Human Nature in Early Franciscan Thought. Philosophical Background and Theological Significance, 2023
By: Lydia Schumacher
Title Human Nature in Early Franciscan Thought. Philosophical Background and Theological Significance
Type Monograph
Language English
Date 2023
Publication Place Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, NY, USA
Publisher Cambridge University Press
Categories Tradition and Reception, Augustine, Metaphysics
Author(s) Lydia Schumacher
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
In this book, Lydia Schumacher challenges the common assumption that early Franciscan thought simply reiterates the longstanding tradition of Augustine. She demonstrates how scholars from this tradition incorporated the work of Islamic and Jewish philosophers, whose works had recently been translated from Arabic, with a view to developing a unique approach to questions of human nature. These questions pertain to perennial philosophical concerns about the relationship between the body and the soul, the work of human cognition and sensation, and the power of free will. By highlighting the Arabic sources of early Franciscan views on these matters, Schumacher illustrates how scholars working in the early thirteenth century anticipated later developments in Franciscan thought which have often been described as novel or unprecedented. Above all, her study demonstrates that the early Franciscan philosophy of human nature was formulated with a view to bolstering the order's specific theological and religious ideals.

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Philosopher-Kings and Counselors: How Should Philosophers Participate in Politics?, 2022
By: Alexander Orwin
Title Philosopher-Kings and Counselors: How Should Philosophers Participate in Politics?
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2022
Published in Plato's Republic in the Islamic Context. New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary
Pages 253–274
Categories Politics, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Alexander Orwin
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The most famous, or infamous, proposal in Plato's Republic concerns the rule of philosopher-kings. Throughout the long history of the philosophical reception of Plato, this theme has been explored, restated, and rejected in countless ways. One of the most original treatments of it comes from the Andalusian philosopher Averroes, in his Commentary on Plato's “Republic.” The title of this inventive work must not be construed too narrowly. On every major theme in the Republic, Averroes deviates, either by omission, addition, or editorial commentary, from Plato. His treatment of the philosopher-kings will make use of all these techniques. Before turning to this topic, I wish to make some general remarks about the work as a whole. Averroes announces his departure from Plato in the first sentence of the work, with the somewhat cryptic promise to remove all dialectical arguments from the Republic while preserving the demonstrative arguments (CR 21.4). Dialectic is associated, etymologically and semantically, with dialogue. Sure enough, Averroes expunges not only the dialogue form of the original but also its principal characters. This choice should not simply be attributed to ignorance: even if we were to assume that Averroes had only a summary of the original, he would surely have known of the existence of the characters Socrates and Thrasymachus through Alfarabi. In fact, Averroes himself mentions Thrasymachus and his arguments about justice in his Middle Commentary on the Topics. The form with which Averroes replaces the dialogue can hardly be described as a straightforward treatise. Averroes attributes the arguments he presents to a variety of sources, as indicated by expressions such as “we said,” and “Plato said.” In addition, Alfarabi and Aristotle are often cited, paraphrased, or even plagiarized, in what is ostensibly a commentary on Plato. This implies a dialogue of sorts between not only Averroes and Plato, but Aristotle and Alfarabi as well. One is tempted to say that the discussions between Socrates, an aged father, a sophist, and several young Greeks is replaced by a discussion between four great political philosophers across the ages, orchestrated by the latest representative of this august group. On this point, it is useful to recall Leo Strauss's observation, that no Platonic dialogue relates a discussion among equals. If dialectic involves a superior person such as Socrates leading less accomplished interlocutors by the hand, then Averroes's new, demonstrative form consists of a dialogue between equals to whom historical accident never granted the opportunity for a face-to-face meeting.

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Sure enough, Averroes expunges not only the dialogue form of the original but also its principal characters. This choice should not simply be attributed to ignorance: even if we were to assume that Averroes had only a summary of the original, he would surely have known of the existence of the characters Socrates and Thrasymachus through Alfarabi. In fact, Averroes himself mentions Thrasymachus and his arguments about justice in his Middle Commentary on the Topics.\r\n\r\nThe form with which Averroes replaces the dialogue can hardly be described as a straightforward treatise. Averroes attributes the arguments he presents to a variety of sources, as indicated by expressions such as \u201cwe said,\u201d and \u201cPlato said.\u201d In addition, Alfarabi and Aristotle are often cited, paraphrased, or even plagiarized, in what is ostensibly a commentary on Plato. This implies a dialogue of sorts between not only Averroes and Plato, but Aristotle and Alfarabi as well. One is tempted to say that the discussions between Socrates, an aged father, a sophist, and several young Greeks is replaced by a discussion between four great political philosophers across the ages, orchestrated by the latest representative of this august group. On this point, it is useful to recall Leo Strauss's observation, that no Platonic dialogue relates a discussion among equals. 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New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2022","edition_no":null,"free_date":null,"abstract":"","republication_of":0,"online_url":"","online_resources":null,"translation_of":"0","new_edition_of":"0","is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781800104983","book":{"id":5346,"pubplace":"","publisher":" Boydell & Brewer","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"persons":[{"id":6196,"entry_id":5346,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"},"free_name":" Alexander Orwin","free_first_name":" Alexander","free_last_name":" Orwin","norm_person":null}]}},"article":null},"sort":[2022]}

Natural Perfection or Divine Fiat, 2022
By: Joshua Parens
Title Natural Perfection or Divine Fiat
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2022
Published in Plato's Republic in the Islamic Context. New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary
Pages 233–252
Categories Nicomachean ethics, Politics, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Joshua Parens
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
As a reader of Averroes's Commentary on Plato's “Republic,” one is struck from the beginning by how much he omits from his commentary. Typically, this would be taken to indicate that Averroes does not comprehend Plato's intention. Indeed, the author can seem at times to confirm what many readers assume—namely, that he would rather have commented on a work by Aristotle. We will try to show that his major omissions—that is, of books 1, (most of ) 6, and 10, and especially what he substitutes for these omissions—form a coherent pattern and ultimately reveal a profound commentary on the omitted passages. That coherent pattern is already set within the first few pages of the work. From the beginning he seems to focus on the place of the Republic in relation to practical science and theoretical science. This comes as little surprise in a commentary on a work devoted to what I would like to call the philosopher-king conceit. The Republic is at least in part Plato's consideration of the relation between theoretical and practical science, as encapsulated in the person of the philosopher-king. Although Socrates does not get around to the centrality of this theme until Republic book 5, Averroes is on it from the beginning. He does so in part in order to place his discussion of the Republic in relation to his commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics—putatively the more theoretical of the two works. Be that as it may, we are most interested in what ties together the omissions of books 1, 6, and 10—and especially what Averroes substitutes for those omissions. We hope to show that the golden thread running through what Averroes substitutes is the theme of human perfection, in at least two senses: the philosopher-king and immortality. In each case, there is some element in Plato's original that Averroes needs to take into another register (from conventionalism in book 1 to fiat transplanted into the Second Treatise; from separate forms in book 6 to the active intellect in the Second Treatise; and from immortality of the soul in book 10 to conjunction with the active intellect in the Second Treatise). In effect, all these omissions are drawn together in the Second Treatise. For that reason, eventually, we will comment more closely on the most relevant section of the Second Treatise (60.17–74.12).

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'Passio', 'transmutatio', 'receptio'. 'Averroès sur l'analogie de l'intellect et du sens dans le(s) commentaire(s) au De anima d'Aristote, 2006
By: Marc Geoffroy
Title 'Passio', 'transmutatio', 'receptio'. 'Averroès sur l'analogie de l'intellect et du sens dans le(s) commentaire(s) au De anima d'Aristote
Type Book Section
Language French
Date 2006
Published in Écriture et réécriture des textes philosophiques médiévaux. Volume d'hommage offert à Colette Sirat
Pages 137–184
Categories Psychology, De anima
Author(s) Marc Geoffroy
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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'Substance' in Averroes' Three Commentaries on the Metaphysics, 2009
By: Josep Puig Montada
Title 'Substance' in Averroes' Three Commentaries on the Metaphysics
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2009
Published in Florilegium mediaevale. Études offertes à Jacqueline Hamesse à l'occasion de son éméritat
Pages 491–524
Categories Metaphysics
Author(s) Josep Puig Montada
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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'Volo magis stare cum Avicenna'. Der Zufall zwischen Averroisten und Avicennisten, 2006
By: Sven K. Knebel
Title 'Volo magis stare cum Avicenna'. Der Zufall zwischen Averroisten und Avicennisten
Type Book Section
Language German
Date 2006
Published in Wissen über Grenzen. Arabisches Wissen und lateinisches Mittelalter
Pages 662–676
Categories Tradition and Reception, Avicenna
Author(s) Sven K. Knebel
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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(Re)traduction et restitution du texte d’Ibn Rushd dans sa langue d’origine: Commentaire de la République de Platon, 2013
By: Abdennour Benantar
Title (Re)traduction et restitution du texte d’Ibn Rushd dans sa langue d’origine: Commentaire de la République de Platon
Type Article
Language French
Date 2013
Journal Noesis
Volume 21
Pages 163–186
Categories Politics, Transmission
Author(s) Abdennour Benantar
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The article analyses the problematics of retranslation and restitution of Ibn Rushd’s Commentary of Plato’s Republic, in its original language, Arabic. Being at the confluents of politics and philosophy, this book is a real political treatise. The manuscript, probably lost during the time of Ibn Rushd’s disgrace, has reached us through its Hebrew translation by Samuel Ben Juda. Ahmed Chahlane and Mohamed A. al-Jabri have tried hard to return the manuscript from Hebrew into its original language. After determining the context in which Ibn Rushd’s book was written and its consequences for the author, the article analyses the problematics of (re)translation in the absence of the original (manuscript) and particularly the task of restitution conducted by Chahlane and al-Jabri. The focus is on their methodology of restitution and on the annotations made by Chahlane to the Hebrew and English translations from Hebrew by Rosenthal and Lerner, in which mistakes and approximations are numerous. The article shows how Chahlane and al-Jabri have considered the text in its original perspective and given back its frame using the work of Ibn Rushd himself and the Arab-Islamic philosophical corpus.

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?Cuál es el objeto de nuestro conocimiento? Tomás de Aquino intérprete de Averroes, 2012
By: Mariano Pérez Carrasco
Title ?Cuál es el objeto de nuestro conocimiento? Tomás de Aquino intérprete de Averroes
Type Article
Language Spanish
Date 2012
Journal Anales del Seminario de Historia de la Filosofía
Volume 29
Issue 1
Pages 45–63
Categories Aquinas
Author(s) Mariano Pérez Carrasco
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
¿Cuál es el objeto de nuestro conocimiento? ¿Qué es lo que de hecho conocemos? Este problema epistemológico fue uno de los ejes de las discusiones filosóficas suscitadas dentro del aristotelismo del siglo XIII, y Tomás de Aquino no sólo fue uno de los principales protagonistas de esa querelle filosófica, sino que ha escrito, incluso, alguno de esos capítulos centrales. Uno de esos capítulos es el así llamado ‘‘averroísmo latino’’, fuertemente criticado por Tomás en varias obras, especialmente en el De unitate intellectus contra averroistas. Este artículo examina algunos de los argumentos mediante los cuales Tomás no sólo procura refutar la epistemología de Averroes, sino que, además, postula y desarrolla algunas tesis luego consideradas como características del ‘‘averroísmo’’. Más específicamente, el artículo llama la atención acerca del modo en que Tomás (mal)interpreta la teoría de Averroes del intellectum speculativum (objeto del conocimiento) en términos de su propia teoría de la species intelligibilis (medio o instrumento del conocimiento).

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A Case of "Author's Variant Readings" and the Textual History of Averroes' Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics , 2006
By: Mauro Zonta
Title A Case of "Author's Variant Readings" and the Textual History of Averroes' Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2006
Published in Écriture et réécriture des textes philosophiques médiévaux. Volume d'hommage offert à Colette Sirat
Pages 465–483
Categories Metaphysics
Author(s) Mauro Zonta
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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A Companion to the Latin Medieval Commentaries on Aristotle's Metaphysics, 2013
By: Fabrizio Amerini (Ed.), Gabriele Galluzzo (Ed.)
Title A Companion to the Latin Medieval Commentaries on Aristotle's Metaphysics
Type Edited Book
Language undefined
Date 2013
Publication Place Leiden
Publisher Brill Academic Publishers
Series Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition
Volume 43
Categories Tradition and Reception, Commentary, Metaphysics
Author(s) Fabrizio Amerini , Gabriele Galluzzo
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Few philosophical books have been so influential in the development of Western thought as Aristotle’s Metaphysics. For centuries Aristotle’s most celebrated work has been regarded as a source of inspiration as well as the starting point for every investigation into the structure of reality. Not surprisingly, the topics discussed in the book – the scientific status of ontology and metaphysics, the foundations of logical truths, the notions of essence and existence, the nature of material objects and their properties, the status of mathematical entities, just to mention some – are still at the centre of the current philosophical debate and are likely to excite philosophical minds for many years to come. This volume reconstructs in fourteen chapters a particular phase in the long history of the Metaphysics by focusing on the medieval reception of Aristotle’s masterpiece, specifically from its introduction in the Latin West in the twelfth through fifteenth centuries. Contributors include: Marta Borgo, Matteo di Giovanni, Amos Bertolacci, Silvia Donati, Gabriele Galluzzo, Alessandro D. Conti, Sten Ebbesen, Fabrizio Amerini, Giorgio Pini, Roberto Lambertini, William O. Duba, Femke J. Kok, and Paul J.J.M. Bakker.

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A Comparative Study of the Relationship between the Material and the Active Intellect from the Perspective of Averroes and Al-Farabi, 2015
By: Davoud Zandi
Title A Comparative Study of the Relationship between the Material and the Active Intellect from the Perspective of Averroes and Al-Farabi
Type Article
Language English
Date 2015
Journal Journal of Islamic Studies and Culture
Volume 3
Issue 2
Pages 39-41
Categories Psychology, De anima
Author(s) Davoud Zandi
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The relationship between the material intellect and the active intellect is an important issue in the realm of epistemology in Islamic philosophy. The aim of the present study is to compare the views of Averroes and Al-Farabi in this regard. Reviewing their theories, this study shows that both the mentioned philosophers agree upon the fact that the Active Intellect exists apart from human soul and acts as a creator of forms, but as for the relationship between the Material Intellect and the Active Intellect, there is disagreement between Averroes and Al-Farabi. Averroes believes that in some aspects both of them are the same yet they are different in some other aspects, namely regarding their acts they are different because the active intellect acts as creator of forms while the material intellect is just receiver of the forms. Nevertheless, they are the same, since the material intellect achieves perfection through the active intellect, whereas in Al-Farabi’s opinion, ontologically speaking; the material intellect and the active intellect are different in their existence. The material intellect in al-Farabi’s perspective is one of the stages of human intellect that is inherent in human soul, whereas the active intellect is an immaterial substance that exists apart from human soul.

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A Comparative study of the theory of dual reality from the perspective of Averroes, followers of Averroes and the church of the thirteenth century, 2015
By: Ali Ghorbani, Fath ali Akbari
Title A Comparative study of the theory of dual reality from the perspective of Averroes, followers of Averroes and the church of the thirteenth century
Type Article
Language Persian
Date 2015
Journal Comparative Theology
Volume 5
Issue 12
Pages 69-84
Categories Epistemology, Averroism, Theology, Metaphysics
Author(s) Ali Ghorbani , Fath ali Akbari
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
In the thirteenth century, along with the return of the European thinkers and philosophers to Aristotelian philosophy and the emergence of the contradiction between Aristotle's philosophy and Christian teachings and religious beliefs, the church put forward a theory known as dual reality. According to this theory everything that is true in theology, its opposite can also be true in philosophy. With this theory, the church accused the philosophers of heresy, while the followers of Averroes considered themselves free of this charge. In his book Faṣl al-maqāl, Averroes appeared to be in favor of the above mentioned theory in a different form. By a precise analysis of the theory through reviewing the now available sources and considering the events followed by attributing this view to the philosophers, one can infer different implications from the theory from the perspective of each of the three sides involved (i.e. Averroes, followers of Averroes and church) and the following division can be sketched: 1- ontological implications: that is to believe in the existence of two types of realities in the universe which can be described in two ways: A) two contradictory scopes in the universe B) two distinct scopes in the universe. 2- Epistemological implications of the dual reality: A) Two ways to reach one reality. B) Two dictions to narrate one reality. C) Duality of the reality in practice. D) Two levels of one single reality. By analyzing each of these implications of the dual reality, one can be led to some consequences according to which based on different works of Averroes he cannot be accused of believing in a kind of duality which makes him deserve heresy.

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A Hidden Source? Considerations on Averroes’ Recourse to Avicenna’s Madkhal of the Shifâ’ in the Middle Commentary on Porphyry’s Isagoge, 2018
By: Silvia Di Vincenzo
Title A Hidden Source? Considerations on Averroes’ Recourse to Avicenna’s Madkhal of the Shifâ’ in the Middle Commentary on Porphyry’s Isagoge
Type Article
Language English
Date 2018
Journal Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale
Volume 29
Pages 125–136
Categories Avicenna, Commentary
Author(s) Silvia Di Vincenzo
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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