| Title | De l’ὑπόκρισις au أخذ بالوجوه. L’interprétation de l’action oratoire par Averroès dans le Commentaire moyen à la Rhétorique d’Aristote |
| Transcription | De l’hypokrisis au akhdh bi-l-wujûd. L’interprétation de l’action oratoire par Averroès dans le commentaire moyen à la Rhétorique d’Aristote |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2015 |
| Journal | Studia Graeco-Arabica |
| Volume | 5 |
| Pages | 59-76 |
| Categories | Aristotle, Rhetoric, Commentary |
| Author(s) | Frédérique Woerther |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The notion of ὑπόκρισις (hypokrisis) was employed for the first time with the meaning of “rhetorical delivery” in Aristotle’s Rhetoric, where it is the target of a short and highly critical analysis. A practice borrowed directly from the theatre, and apparently resistant to any form of technicisation that might give it a legitimate place alongside the other means of rhetorical persuasion, ὑπόκρισις (hypokrisis) was nevertheless extremely effective–as Aristotle acknowledged with undisguised irritation. In the face of Aristotle’s ambivalence, and torn between a purist and idealist conception of rhetoric on the one hand, and the contemporary reality of speech, which required him to recognise a practice of which he could not approve, on the other, what was Averroes’ attitude in his Middle Commentary on the Rhetoric? Dependent on the Arabic version of the Rhetoric where the term ὑπόκρισις (hypokrisis) was – with one exception – translated by the expression أخذ بالوجوه (aḫḏ bi-l-wuǧūh) – “the taking of faces” –, has Averroes followed Aristotle in his hesitations and reticences? Or has he instead chosen to legitimise the use of hypokrisis in rhetorical technique? The analysis of the Rushdian interpretation of the ‘taking of faces’ will allow a better understanding of Averroes’ exegetical method, and grasp of what it meant, to him, to be faithful to the First Master. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"2050","_score":null,"_source":{"id":2050,"authors_free":[{"id":2495,"entry_id":2050,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1286,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Woerther","free_first_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","free_last_name":"Woerther","norm_person":{"id":1286,"first_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","last_name":"Woerther","full_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Woerther","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/13670932X","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Woerther"}}],"entry_title":"De l\u2019\u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 au \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647. L\u2019interpr\u00e9tation de l\u2019action oratoire par Averro\u00e8s dans le Commentaire moyen \u00e0 la Rh\u00e9torique d\u2019Aristote","title_transcript":"De l\u2019hypokrisis au akhdh bi-l-wuj\u00fbd. L\u2019interpr\u00e9tation de l\u2019action oratoire par Averro\u00e8s dans le commentaire moyen \u00e0 la Rh\u00e9torique d\u2019Aristote","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"De l\u2019\u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 au \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647. L\u2019interpr\u00e9tation de l\u2019action oratoire par Averro\u00e8s dans le Commentaire moyen \u00e0 la Rh\u00e9torique d\u2019Aristote"},"abstract":"The notion of \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (hypokrisis) was employed for the first time with the meaning of \u201crhetorical delivery\u201d in Aristotle\u2019s Rhetoric, where it is the target of a short and highly critical analysis. A practice borrowed directly from the theatre, and apparently resistant to any form of technicisation that might give it a legitimate place alongside the other means of rhetorical persuasion, \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (hypokrisis) was nevertheless extremely effective\u2013as Aristotle acknowledged with undisguised irritation. In the face of Aristotle\u2019s ambivalence, and torn between a purist and idealist conception of rhetoric on the one hand, and the contemporary reality of speech, which required him to recognise a practice of which he could not approve, on the other, what was Averroes\u2019 attitude in his Middle Commentary on the Rhetoric? Dependent on the Arabic version of the Rhetoric where the term \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (hypokrisis) was \u2013 with one exception \u2013 translated by the expression \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 (a\u1e2b\u1e0f bi-l-wu\u01e7\u016bh) \u2013 \u201cthe taking of faces\u201d \u2013, has Averroes followed Aristotle in his hesitations and reticences? Or has he instead chosen to legitimise the use of hypokrisis in rhetorical technique? The analysis of the Rushdian interpretation of the \u2018taking of faces\u2019 will allow a better understanding of Averroes\u2019 exegetical method, and grasp of what it meant, to him, to be faithful to the First Master.","btype":3,"date":"2015","language":"French","online_url":"","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"},{"id":48,"category_name":"Rhetoric","link":"bib?categories[]=Rhetoric"},{"id":23,"category_name":"Commentary","link":"bib?categories[]=Commentary"}],"authors":[{"id":1286,"full_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Woerther","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":2050,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Studia Graeco-Arabica","volume":"5","issue":null,"pages":"59-76"}},"sort":[2015]}
| Title | Averroes' Middle Commentary on Book I of the Nicomachean Ethics |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2014 |
| Journal | Oriens |
| Volume | 42 |
| Issue | 1-2 |
| Pages | 254-287 |
| Categories | Aristotle, Nicomachean ethics, Commentary |
| Author(s) | Steven Harvey , Frédérique Woerther |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The conventional view of the previous century that Averroes’ middle commentaries (talāḫīṣ) on Aristotle are all of the same form and style is no longer tenable. A full and accurate account of the similarities and differences among Averroes’ talāḫīṣ on Aristotle must consider all of them. Perhaps the least studied and least known of these middle commentaries is the one on the Nicomachean Ethics, a text which is extant today only in a critically edited medieval Hebrew translation and an as yet unedited medieval Latin translation. The two authors of the present article have each studied chapters of this commentary independently of each other and have reached different conclusions concerning its value. In this article they present a careful examination of the first book of Averroes’ commentary via its Hebrew translation and Latin translation (primarily through the two oldest and most reliable manuscripts of it) in comparison with the medieval Arabic translation of the Nicomachean Ethics that was used by Averroes (and in light of Aristotle’s Greek text). This study shows an Averroean middle commentary that is not very original and not particularly helpful, especially, for example, when compared to the quite different middle commentaries on Aristotle’s books on natural science. Indeed, he often seems to do little more than copy—not even paraphrase—the Arabic translation. On the other hand, Averroes does not hesitate to insert words as he copies in order to make the text clearer and easier to understand. Where lengthier explanations are needed, they too are attempted, at times in response to problematic translations in the Arabic text before him. |
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| Title | Les translittérations dans la version latine du Commentaire moyen à l’Éthique à Nicomaque d’Averroès |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2014 |
| Journal | Bulletin de Philosophie médiévale |
| Volume | 56 |
| Pages | 61–89 |
| Categories | Commentary, Aristotle, Nicomachean ethics, Transmission |
| Author(s) | Frédérique Woerther |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The present discussion derives from a larger research project that concerns the medieval Latin translation of Averroes’ Middle Commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics. The translation was carried out by Hermann the German in Toledo in 1240. I am concerned here specifically with nine passages that are distributed over three chapters of the Commentary (II.7; IV.1-3) in which the Latin translation is sprinkled with transliterations based on Greek and Arabic terms. These transliterations, which are not glosses, can be understood on several levels, and these, in turn, raise questions about the boundary between transliteration proper and translation that borrows from the source language a term which is then integrated into the Latin lexicon in the form of a calque or ‘loan translation’. Examining these transliterations makes it possible, first, to show that the translator does not follow a uniform method throughout the text, which could imply the existence of several translators or several collaborators with distinct and exclusive areas of expertise, and second, to advance the hypothesis that a Greek copy of the Nicomachean Ethics was available at the time the translation was being executed in 1240. Finally, the discussion of transliterations makes it possible to confirm certain emendations proposed by Ullman in the Arabic edition of the Nicomachean Ethics published by Akasoy and Fidora, as well as to suggest a primary classification of the surviving manuscripts of the Latin version of the Middle Commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics. |
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| Title | The Poetics from Athens to al-Andalus: Ibn Rushd’s Grounds for Comparison |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2014 |
| Journal | Modern Philology |
| Volume | 112 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 1-24 |
| Categories | Aristotle, Commentary, Poetics, Transmission |
| Author(s) | Rebecca Gould |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Long Commentary on Aristotle’s De anima |
| Type | Article |
| Language | undefined |
| Date | 2012 |
| Journal | Ishraq. Islamic Philosophy Yearbook |
| Volume | 3 |
| Pages | 380–407 |
| Categories | Commentary, Aristotle, De anima |
| Author(s) | Averroes , Y. Eshots , |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) | N. V. Efremova |
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| Title | Questions of Methodology in Aristotle’s Zoology: A Medieval Perspective |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2012 |
| Journal | Journal of the History of Biology |
| Volume | 45 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 329–352 |
| Categories | Aristotle, Tradition and Reception, Commentary, Gersonides |
| Author(s) | Ahuva Gaziel |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| During the Middle Ages Aristotle’s treatises were accessible to intellectuals via translations and commentaries. Among his works on natural philosophy, the zoological books received relatively little scholarly attention, though several medieval commentators carefully studied Aristotle’s investigations of the animal kingdom. Averroes completed in 1169 a commentary on an Arabic translation of Aristotle’s Parts of Animals and Generation of Animals. In 1323 Gersonides completed his supercommentary on a Hebrew translation of Averroes’ commentary. This article examines how these two medieval commentators interpret the first book of Aristotle’s Parts of Animals, at the center of which stand methodological questions regarding the study of animals. Aristotle’s discussion of classification is presented by Averroes and Gersonides in light of an epistemological debate concerning the requisite method for scientific inquiries and discoveries. Sense perception is contrasted with rational reasoning, and ultimately a combined method is proposed, sense perception maintaining supremacy. These commentators outline a clear link between the systematic arrangement of animal species as offered by Aristotle, and his subsequent logical demonstrations which, according to them, form the core of biological investigations. |
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| Title | Greek, Arabic and Latin Commentators on Per Se Accidents of Being qua Being and the Place of Aristotle, Metaphysics, Book Iota |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2011 |
| Journal | Documenti e Studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale |
| Volume | 22 |
| Pages | 153–208 |
| Categories | Commentary, Metaphysics, Aristotle |
| Author(s) | Laura Maria Castelli |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"1765","_score":null,"_source":{"id":1765,"authors_free":[{"id":2036,"entry_id":1765,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1498,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Laura Maria Castelli","free_first_name":"Laura Maria","free_last_name":"Castelli","norm_person":{"id":1498,"first_name":"Laura Maria","last_name":"Castelli","full_name":"Laura Maria Castelli","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/143083910","viaf_url":"http:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/161062580","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Laura Maria Castelli"}}],"entry_title":"Greek, Arabic and Latin Commentators on Per Se Accidents of Being qua Being and the Place of Aristotle, Metaphysics, Book Iota","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Greek, Arabic and Latin Commentators on Per Se Accidents of Being qua Being and the Place of Aristotle, Metaphysics, Book Iota"},"abstract":"","btype":3,"date":"2011","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":23,"category_name":"Commentary","link":"bib?categories[]=Commentary"},{"id":31,"category_name":"Metaphysics","link":"bib?categories[]=Metaphysics"},{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"}],"authors":[{"id":1498,"full_name":"Laura Maria Castelli","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":1765,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Documenti e Studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale","volume":"22","issue":null,"pages":"153\u2013208"}},"sort":[2011]}
| Title | Prayers to the God of Aristotle’s Metaphysics: Tefillot siyyum for chapters of Book Delta of Aristotle’s Metaphysics |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2011 |
| Journal | Zutot |
| Volume | 8 |
| Pages | 15–29 |
| Categories | Aristotle, Commentary, Metaphysics |
| Author(s) | Yehuda Halper |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| In one incomplete manuscript of Aristotle’s Metaphysics with Averroes’ Long Commentary, a scribe has inserted short prayers, which seem to fit the genre of tefillot siyyum, to be read by the reader of the text upon completion of certain chapters of Book Δ of the Metaphysics. These prayers are thematically related to the content of Aristotle’s Metaphysics and Averroes’ commentary and accordingly suggest a philosophical interpretation of Judaism, God and the creation of the world that has as its centre-point metaphysics, as understood by Aristotle and his most important commentator, Averroes. |
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| Title | Generazione verticale, generazione orizzontale: il principio di sinonimia nel Commento grande di Averroè al Libro Z della Metafisica di Aristotle |
| Type | Article |
| Language | Italian |
| Date | 2009 |
| Journal | Chôra. Revue d’Études anciennes et médiévales |
| Volume | 7-8 |
| Issue | 2009-2010 |
| Pages | 133-62 |
| Categories | Commentary, Aristotle, Metaphysics, Avicenna |
| Author(s) | Cristina Cerami |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Le but de cet article est d’analyser l’interprétation qu’Averroès propose de l’étude de la génération spontanée développée par Aristote dans le chapitre 9 du livre Z de la Métaphysique et montrer que pour Averroès le véritable enjeu de cette étude est celui de démontrer que l’agent et le produit de la génération ont une même forme. C’est cette thèse, en effet, qui d’après le Cordouan permet en dernière instance d’instaurer entre le monde céleste et le monde terrestre une causalité, pour ainsi dire, «perpendiculaire» qui sauve à la fois l’efficacité des causes secondes et celle de la cause première qui agit par l’intermédiaire des causes célestes. Ce nouveau cadre cosmologico-ontologique apparaît manifestement comme le produit d’une stratégie menée directement contre Avicenne, car le but ultime d’Averroès est de substituer sa propre théorie de l’Artisan divin à la théorie platonicienne de la création démiurgique, à laquelle il assimile la théorie avicennienne d’une donation des formes par une Intelligence cosmique. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5338","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5338,"authors_free":[{"id":6184,"entry_id":5338,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1285,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Cristina Cerami","free_first_name":"Cristina","free_last_name":"Cerami","norm_person":{"id":1285,"first_name":"Cristina","last_name":"Cerami","full_name":"Cristina Cerami","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/139713840","viaf_url":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/317111513","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Cristina Cerami"}}],"entry_title":"Generazione verticale, generazione orizzontale: il principio di sinonimia nel Commento grande di Averro\u00e8 al Libro Z della Metafisica di Aristotle","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Generazione verticale, generazione orizzontale: il principio di sinonimia nel Commento grande di Averro\u00e8 al Libro Z della Metafisica di Aristotle"},"abstract":"Le but de cet article est d\u2019analyser l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation qu\u2019Averro\u00e8s propose de l\u2019\u00e9tude de la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration spontan\u00e9e d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Aristote dans le chapitre 9 du livre Z de la M\u00e9taphysique et montrer que pour Averro\u00e8s le v\u00e9ritable enjeu de cette \u00e9tude est celui de d\u00e9montrer que l\u2019agent et le produit de la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration ont une m\u00eame forme. C\u2019est cette th\u00e8se, en effet, qui d\u2019apr\u00e8s le Cordouan permet en derni\u00e8re instance d\u2019instaurer entre le monde c\u00e9leste et le monde terrestre une causalit\u00e9, pour ainsi dire, \u00abperpendiculaire\u00bb qui sauve \u00e0 la fois l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des causes secondes et celle de la cause premi\u00e8re qui agit par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire des causes c\u00e9lestes. Ce nouveau cadre cosmologico-ontologique appara\u00eet manifestement comme le produit d\u2019une strat\u00e9gie men\u00e9e directement contre Avicenne, car le but ultime d\u2019Averro\u00e8s est de substituer sa propre th\u00e9orie de l\u2019Artisan divin \u00e0 la th\u00e9orie platonicienne de la cr\u00e9ation d\u00e9miurgique, \u00e0 laquelle il assimile la th\u00e9orie avicennienne d\u2019une donation des formes par une Intelligence cosmique.","btype":3,"date":"2009","language":"Italian","online_url":"","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":23,"category_name":"Commentary","link":"bib?categories[]=Commentary"},{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"},{"id":31,"category_name":"Metaphysics","link":"bib?categories[]=Metaphysics"},{"id":10,"category_name":"Avicenna","link":"bib?categories[]=Avicenna"}],"authors":[{"id":1285,"full_name":"Cristina Cerami","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5338,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Ch\u00f4ra. Revue d\u2019\u00c9tudes anciennes et m\u00e9di\u00e9vales","volume":" 7-8","issue":"2009-2010","pages":"133-62"}},"sort":[2009]}
| Title | Boèce, Averroès et Abū al-Barakāt al-Baġdādī. Témoins des écrits de Thémistius sur les Topiques d'Aristote |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2007 |
| Journal | Arabic Sciences and Philosophy |
| Volume | 17 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 203–265 |
| Categories | Transmission, Commentary, Themistius, Logic, Aristotle |
| Author(s) | Ahmad Hasnawi |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Aristotle's Topics, and especially, as far as the subject of this study is concerned, their central books (II-VII), played a role of central importance both in the medieval Latin and in the Arabic logical tradition. This did not occur without transformations, which affected the nature and the function of the loci of which these books set forth the theory. One of the most visible signposts of this tradition of re-elaboration of the Topics is represented by Themistius (ob. c. 388), to whom both Boethius and Averroes refer. Yet no work by Themistius on the Topics has come down to us in Greek. With a view to reconstructing the work(s) of this author, we have here collected and translated the passages that are attributed to him explicitly (with the exception of one of them) in Averroes' Middle Commentary on the Topics, comparing them, where necessary, to the testimonies collected by Boethius in his De topicis differentiis. In addition - and this is a new element added to the file - we show that the Themistian classification of loci was taken up by Abū al-Barakāt al-Baġdādī (ob. after 1164), author of a philosophical summa entitled al-Kitāb al-muʿtabar (The meditated book). These three testimonies are all the more precious in that they are independent of one another. The study of the chapter in the logical part of al-Kitāb al-muʿtabar, containing the Themistian classification of loci, of which a corrected text with translation is offered, shows that one finds in it some of the most singular aspects of this classification, as it appears in Boethius. Abū al-Barakāt al-Baġdādī thus reveals himself to be closer than Averroes to the testimony of Boethius. This suggests the idea of a double redaction by Themistius of the classification of loci: one, more concentrated, comes from an introduction to the paraphrase of the central books of the Topics, which may have inspired Averroes; the other, more extensive, which will have been part of an original work, and inspired the classifications of Boethius and of Abū al-Barakāt al-Baġdādī. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"1533","_score":null,"_source":{"id":1533,"authors_free":[{"id":1760,"entry_id":1533,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":788,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Ahmad Hasnawi","free_first_name":"Ahmad","free_last_name":"Hasnawi","norm_person":{"id":788,"first_name":"Ahmad","last_name":"Hasnawi","full_name":"Ahmad Hasnawi","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1011618869","viaf_url":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/29672431","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Ahmad Hasnawi"}}],"entry_title":"Bo\u00e8ce, Averro\u00e8s et Ab\u016b al-Barak\u0101t al-Ba\u0121d\u0101d\u012b. T\u00e9moins des \u00e9crits de Th\u00e9mistius sur les Topiques d'Aristote","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"main_title":{"title":"Bo\u00e8ce, Averro\u00e8s et Ab\u016b al-Barak\u0101t al-Ba\u0121d\u0101d\u012b. T\u00e9moins des \u00e9crits de Th\u00e9mistius sur les Topiques d'Aristote"},"abstract":"Aristotle's Topics, and especially, as far as the subject of this study is concerned, their central books (II-VII), played a role of central importance both in the medieval Latin and in the Arabic logical tradition. This did not occur without transformations, which affected the nature and the function of the loci of which these books set forth the theory. One of the most visible signposts of this tradition of re-elaboration of the Topics is represented by Themistius (ob. c. 388), to whom both Boethius and Averroes refer. Yet no work by Themistius on the Topics has come down to us in Greek. With a view to reconstructing the work(s) of this author, we have here collected and translated the passages that are attributed to him explicitly (with the exception of one of them) in Averroes' Middle Commentary on the Topics, comparing them, where necessary, to the testimonies collected by Boethius in his De topicis differentiis. In addition - and this is a new element added to the file - we show that the Themistian classification of loci was taken up by Ab\u016b al-Barak\u0101t al-Ba\u0121d\u0101d\u012b (ob. after 1164), author of a philosophical summa entitled al-Kit\u0101b al-mu\u02bftabar (The meditated book). These three testimonies are all the more precious in that they are independent of one another. The study of the chapter in the logical part of al-Kit\u0101b al-mu\u02bftabar, containing the Themistian classification of loci, of which a corrected text with translation is offered, shows that one finds in it some of the most singular aspects of this classification, as it appears in Boethius. Ab\u016b al-Barak\u0101t al-Ba\u0121d\u0101d\u012b thus reveals himself to be closer than Averroes to the testimony of Boethius. This suggests the idea of a double redaction by Themistius of the classification of loci: one, more concentrated, comes from an introduction to the paraphrase of the central books of the Topics, which may have inspired Averroes; the other, more extensive, which will have been part of an original work, and inspired the classifications of Boethius and of Ab\u016b al-Barak\u0101t al-Ba\u0121d\u0101d\u012b.","btype":3,"date":"2007","language":"French","online_url":null,"doi_url":null,"ti_url":null,"categories":[{"id":40,"category_name":"Transmission","link":"bib?categories[]=Transmission"},{"id":23,"category_name":"Commentary","link":"bib?categories[]=Commentary"},{"id":16,"category_name":"Themistius","link":"bib?categories[]=Themistius"},{"id":27,"category_name":"Logic","link":"bib?categories[]=Logic"},{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"}],"authors":[{"id":788,"full_name":"Ahmad Hasnawi","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":1533,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"17","issue":"2","pages":"203\u2013265"}},"sort":[2007]}
| Title | Des Mégariques aux Ashʿarites : le commentaire d’Averroès à Métaph. Θ 3 |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2016 |
| Journal | Rursus |
| Volume | 9 |
| Categories | Aristotle, Commentary, Metaphysics, Theology |
| Author(s) | Ziad Bou Akl |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| In his commentary on Metaphysics IX 3, Averroes draws an analogy between the Megarian conception of dunamis, presented and refuted by Aristotle, and that of the Ashʿarites theologians. The study of the Arabic translation of lemmatas of Aristotle’s text (1047a26-28) and of the reformulation by Averroes of the third argument against the Megarians shows a shift commanded by theological issues: since the omnipotence of God can now bypass natural powers, the question of who possess the power should be added to that of its sole possession. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5218","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5218,"authors_free":[{"id":6020,"entry_id":5218,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1608,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Ziad Bou Akl","free_first_name":"Ziad","free_last_name":"Bou Akl","norm_person":{"id":1608,"first_name":"Ziad","last_name":"Bou Akl","full_name":"Ziad Bou Akl","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1105658635","viaf_url":"http:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/306483990","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Ziad Bou Akl"}}],"entry_title":"Des M\u00e9gariques aux Ash\u02bfarites : le commentaire d\u2019Averro\u00e8s \u00e0 M\u00e9taph. \u0398 3","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Des M\u00e9gariques aux Ash\u02bfarites : le commentaire d\u2019Averro\u00e8s \u00e0 M\u00e9taph. \u0398 3"},"abstract":"In his commentary on Metaphysics IX 3, Averroes draws an analogy between the Megarian conception of dunamis, presented and refuted by Aristotle, and that of the Ash\u02bfarites theologians. The study of the Arabic translation of lemmatas of Aristotle\u2019s text (1047a26-28) and of the reformulation by Averroes of the third argument against the Megarians shows a shift commanded by theological issues: since the omnipotence of God can now bypass natural powers, the question of who possess the power should be added to that of its sole possession.","btype":3,"date":"2016","language":"French","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/rursus.1235","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"},{"id":23,"category_name":"Commentary","link":"bib?categories[]=Commentary"},{"id":31,"category_name":"Metaphysics","link":"bib?categories[]=Metaphysics"},{"id":39,"category_name":"Theology","link":"bib?categories[]=Theology"}],"authors":[{"id":1608,"full_name":"Ziad Bou Akl","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5218,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Rursus","volume":"9","issue":"","pages":""}},"sort":["Des M\u00e9gariques aux Ash\u02bfarites : le commentaire d\u2019Averro\u00e8s \u00e0 M\u00e9taph. \u0398 3"]}
| Title | Dialecticians and Dialectics in Averroes’ Long Commentary on Gamma 2 of Aristotle’s Metaphysics |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2016 |
| Journal | Arabic Sciences and Philosophy |
| Volume | 26 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 161–184 |
| Categories | Aristotle, Metaphysics, Commentary |
| Author(s) | Yehuda Halper |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| While Averroes’ work is often considered to represent the culmination of the method of Aristotelian demonstration in Arabic philosophy, a short passage of his Long Commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics Γ.2 emphasizes the prominence of dialectic and calls for a re-examination of dialectic and demonstration in Averroes’ philosophical works. In this passage Averroes describes dialectic as an acceptable form of philosophy and the dialectician as a kind of scientist. In putting dialectic and demonstration on an equal, or nearly equal footing, Averroes seems to go against his own account of the dialectical and demonstrative classes of people in the Decisive Treatise. Moreover, this interpretation of Metaphysics Γ.2 also contradicts Averroes’ explanation of the same passage in the Middle Commentary on the Metaphysics as well as Aristotle's own description of dialectic throughout the Metaphysics. That is, in the Long Commentary on the Metaphysics, Averroes departs from his earlier views, and describes dialectic as a necessary part of metaphysics, even though the centrality of dialectic argumentation could call into question the entire project of metaphysics and consequently of the sciences whose demonstrations rely on metaphysical ground, i.e., all sciences. Averroes does not emphasize this view, but its presence is nevertheless unambiguous. |
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| Title | Dialecticians and dialectics in Averroes' Long Commentary on Gamma 2 of Aristotle's Metaphysics |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2016 |
| Journal | Arabic Sciences and Philosophy |
| Volume | 26 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 161-184 |
| Categories | Dialectic, Aristotle, Commentary, Metaphysics |
| Author(s) | Yehuda Halper |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| While Averroes’ work is often considered to represent the culmination of the method of Aristotelian demonstration in Arabic philosophy, a short passage of his Long Commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics Γ.2 emphasizes the prominence of dialectic and calls for a re-examination of dialectic and demonstration in Averroes’ philosophical works. In this passage Averroes describes dialectic as an acceptable form of philosophy and the dialectician as a kind of scientist. In putting dialectic and demonstration on an equal, or nearly equal footing, Averroes seems to go against his own account of the dialectical and demonstrative classes of people in the Decisive Treatise. Moreover, this interpretation of Metaphysics Γ.2 also contradicts Averroes’ explanation of the same passage in the Middle Commentary on the Metaphysics as well as Aristotle's own description of dialectic throughout the Metaphysics. That is, in the Long Commentary on the Metaphysics, Averroes departs from his earlier views, and describes dialectic as a necessary part of metaphysics, even though the centrality of dialectic argumentation could call into question the entire project of metaphysics and consequently of the sciences whose demonstrations rely on metaphysical ground, i.e., all sciences. Averroes does not emphasize this view, but its presence is nevertheless unambiguous. |
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| Title | Essence, accident et nécessité: la notion de par soi chez Averroès |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2016 |
| Journal | Les Études Philosophiques |
| Volume | 117 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 217–241 |
| Categories | Aristotle, Ontology, Commentary, Logic |
| Author(s) | Cristina Cerami |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The notion of “per se” (καθ’ αὑτό) is one of the key elements of Aristotle’s ontology and epistemology. Nowhere, however, does Aristotle provide a systematic study of it, leaving the articulation of its different meanings and the significance of the general project in which this notion is inscribed unclear. This paper aims to study the interpretation that Averroes provides of this notion in his Long Commentary on the Posterior Analytics. In translating for the first time some long quotations of this commentary into a modern language, we will show the central role that this notion plays in Averroes’ scientific theory and in particular in his theory of demonstration of sign. |
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| Title | Generazione verticale, generazione orizzontale: il principio di sinonimia nel Commento grande di Averroè al Libro Z della Metafisica di Aristotle |
| Type | Article |
| Language | Italian |
| Date | 2009 |
| Journal | Chôra. Revue d’Études anciennes et médiévales |
| Volume | 7-8 |
| Issue | 2009-2010 |
| Pages | 133-62 |
| Categories | Commentary, Aristotle, Metaphysics, Avicenna |
| Author(s) | Cristina Cerami |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Le but de cet article est d’analyser l’interprétation qu’Averroès propose de l’étude de la génération spontanée développée par Aristote dans le chapitre 9 du livre Z de la Métaphysique et montrer que pour Averroès le véritable enjeu de cette étude est celui de démontrer que l’agent et le produit de la génération ont une même forme. C’est cette thèse, en effet, qui d’après le Cordouan permet en dernière instance d’instaurer entre le monde céleste et le monde terrestre une causalité, pour ainsi dire, «perpendiculaire» qui sauve à la fois l’efficacité des causes secondes et celle de la cause première qui agit par l’intermédiaire des causes célestes. Ce nouveau cadre cosmologico-ontologique apparaît manifestement comme le produit d’une stratégie menée directement contre Avicenne, car le but ultime d’Averroès est de substituer sa propre théorie de l’Artisan divin à la théorie platonicienne de la création démiurgique, à laquelle il assimile la théorie avicennienne d’une donation des formes par une Intelligence cosmique. |
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| Title | Greek, Arabic and Latin Commentators on Per Se Accidents of Being qua Being and the Place of Aristotle, Metaphysics, Book Iota |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2011 |
| Journal | Documenti e Studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale |
| Volume | 22 |
| Pages | 153–208 |
| Categories | Commentary, Metaphysics, Aristotle |
| Author(s) | Laura Maria Castelli |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Grek Şârihlerden İbn Rüşd'e Değin Aristoteles'in Theta (Θ) Kitabı'nın Hâricî Tarihi |
| Type | Article |
| Language | Turkish |
| Date | 2019 |
| Journal | Sirnak University Journal of Divinity Faculty / Sirnak Üniversitesi Ilahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi |
| Volume | 10 |
| Issue | 23 |
| Pages | 469-486 |
| Categories | Aristotle, Commentary, Metaphysics, Alexander of Aphrodisias |
| Author(s) | Abdürrezzak Sevindik |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The purpose of the article is to discuss the external history of the Book of Theta (Metaphysics IX) in the context of Ibn Rushd's commentaries on Metaphysics. Ibn Rushd interpreted the Book of Theta in Talkhīs mā ba'da al-ṭabī'ah based on its meaning and content. Ibn Rushd did not pursue the original composition of Metaphysics in Talkhīs mā ba'da al-ṭabī'ah. However, Ibn Rushd interpreted the Book of Theta in Tafsīr mā ba'da al-ṭabī'ah focusing on the expression and based on the original text. Ibn Rushd pursued the original composition of Metaphysics in Tafsīr mā ba'da al-ṭabī'ah. Thus, Ibn Rushd took advantage of Astat and Isḥāq b. Hunain's arabic translations of the Book of Theta in this interpretation process. Astat and Isḥāq b. Hunain are experts in the translation of Aristotle's works from Greek into Arabic. When Astat and Isḥāq b. Hunain's translation styles are looked at, it is understood that they adhered to the text word by word. In this respect, those translations supported the literary interpretation of Ibn Rushd. On the other hand, Ibn Rushd was influenced by the Greek commentator/Alexander of Aphrodisias in the interpretation of Theta. Alexander of Aphrodisias and Ibn Rushd's interpretation methods based on utterance are similar. In this respect, Ibn Rushd's Commentary of Theta reveals his Aristotelian approach. Makalenin gâyesi, Aristoteles'in Θ/Theta (Metafizik IX.) Kitabı'nın hâricî tarihini İbn Rüşd'ün Metafizik şerhleri bağlamında ortaya koymaktır. İbn Rüşd, Telhîsu Mâ ba'de't-tabî'a'da Theta Kitabı'nı mana ve mahiyetini temel alarak yorumlamış, Metafizik'i oluşturan kitapların özgün dizilimini takip etmemiştir. Buna karşın Tefsîru Mâ ba'de't-tabî'a'da Metafizik'in özgün dizilimini takip etmiş, Θ/Theta Kitabı'nı da orijinal metnini temel alarak ibâre odaklı yorumlamıştır. İbn Rüşd ibâre odaklı yaklaşımı dolayısıyla bu yorum sürecinde Θ/Theta Kitabı'nın Astat/Ustâz/Eustathius-İshak b. Huneyn (ö. M.S. 910) tarafından yapılmış Arapça çevirilerinden yararlanmıştır. Astat ve İshak b. Huneyn, Aristoteles'in eserlerinin doğrudan doğruya Grekçe'den Arapça'ya çevirilerinde ihtisaslaşmış mütercimlerdir. Astat'ın ve İshak b. Huneyn'in çeviri tavırlarına bakıldığında Grekçe metne kelime kelime bağlı kaldıkları görülür. Bu yönden söz konusu çeviriler, İbn Rüşd'ün lafzî yorumunu desteklemiştir. Diğer yandan İbn Rüşd, Θ/Theta Kitabı yorumunda Grek şârih İskender Afrodisî'den etkilenmiştir. İskender Afrodisî ile İbn Rüşd'ün lafzı temel alan şerh etme yöntemleri benzerdir. Bu bakımdan İbn Rüşd'ün Theta Kitabı Şerhi, onun saf Aristotelesçi yaklaşımını ortaya koyar |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5563","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5563,"authors_free":[{"id":6457,"entry_id":5563,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Abd\u00fcrrezzak Sevindik","free_first_name":"Abd\u00fcrrezzak","free_last_name":"Sevindik","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"Grek \u015e\u00e2rihlerden \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd'e De\u011fin Aristoteles'in Theta (\u0398) Kitab\u0131'n\u0131n H\u00e2ric\u00ee Tarihi","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Grek \u015e\u00e2rihlerden \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd'e De\u011fin Aristoteles'in Theta (\u0398) Kitab\u0131'n\u0131n H\u00e2ric\u00ee Tarihi"},"abstract":"The purpose of the article is to discuss the external history of the Book of Theta (Metaphysics IX) in the context of Ibn Rushd's commentaries on Metaphysics. Ibn Rushd interpreted the Book of Theta in Talkh\u012bs m\u0101 ba'da al-\u1e6dab\u012b'ah based on its meaning and content. Ibn Rushd did not pursue the original composition of Metaphysics in Talkh\u012bs m\u0101 ba'da al-\u1e6dab\u012b'ah. However, Ibn Rushd interpreted the Book of Theta in Tafs\u012br m\u0101 ba'da al-\u1e6dab\u012b'ah focusing on the expression and based on the original text. Ibn Rushd pursued the original composition of Metaphysics in Tafs\u012br m\u0101 ba'da al-\u1e6dab\u012b'ah. Thus, Ibn Rushd took advantage of Astat and Is\u1e25\u0101q b. Hunain's arabic translations of the Book of Theta in this interpretation process. Astat and Is\u1e25\u0101q b. Hunain are experts in the translation of Aristotle's works from Greek into Arabic. When Astat and Is\u1e25\u0101q b. Hunain's translation styles are looked at, it is understood that they adhered to the text word by word. In this respect, those translations supported the literary interpretation of Ibn Rushd. On the other hand, Ibn Rushd was influenced by the Greek commentator\/Alexander of Aphrodisias in the interpretation of Theta. Alexander of Aphrodisias and Ibn Rushd's interpretation methods based on utterance are similar. In this respect, Ibn Rushd's Commentary of Theta reveals his Aristotelian approach.\r\n\r\nMakalenin g\u00e2yesi, Aristoteles'in \u0398\/Theta (Metafizik IX.) Kitab\u0131'n\u0131n h\u00e2ric\u00ee tarihini \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd'\u00fcn Metafizik \u015ferhleri ba\u011flam\u0131nda ortaya koymakt\u0131r. \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd, Telh\u00eesu M\u00e2 ba'de't-tab\u00ee'a'da Theta Kitab\u0131'n\u0131 mana ve mahiyetini temel alarak yorumlam\u0131\u015f, Metafizik'i olu\u015fturan kitaplar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn dizilimini takip etmemi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n Tefs\u00eeru M\u00e2 ba'de't-tab\u00ee'a'da Metafizik'in \u00f6zg\u00fcn dizilimini takip etmi\u015f, \u0398\/Theta Kitab\u0131'n\u0131 da orijinal metnini temel alarak ib\u00e2re odakl\u0131 yorumlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd ib\u00e2re odakl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu yorum s\u00fcrecinde \u0398\/Theta Kitab\u0131'n\u0131n Astat\/Ust\u00e2z\/Eustathius-\u0130shak b. Huneyn (\u00f6. M.S. 910) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Arap\u00e7a \u00e7evirilerinden yararlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Astat ve \u0130shak b. Huneyn, Aristoteles'in eserlerinin do\u011frudan do\u011fruya Grek\u00e7e'den Arap\u00e7a'ya \u00e7evirilerinde ihtisasla\u015fm\u0131\u015f m\u00fctercimlerdir. Astat'\u0131n ve \u0130shak b. Huneyn'in \u00e7eviri tav\u0131rlar\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Grek\u00e7e metne kelime kelime ba\u011fl\u0131 kald\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu y\u00f6nden s\u00f6z konusu \u00e7eviriler, \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd'\u00fcn lafz\u00ee yorumunu desteklemi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer yandan \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd, \u0398\/Theta Kitab\u0131 yorumunda Grek \u015f\u00e2rih \u0130skender Afrodis\u00ee'den etkilenmi\u015ftir. \u0130skender Afrodis\u00ee ile \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd'\u00fcn lafz\u0131 temel alan \u015ferh etme y\u00f6ntemleri benzerdir. Bu bak\u0131mdan \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd'\u00fcn Theta Kitab\u0131 \u015eerhi, onun saf Aristoteles\u00e7i yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyar","btype":3,"date":"2019","language":"Turkish","online_url":"","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"},{"id":23,"category_name":"Commentary","link":"bib?categories[]=Commentary"},{"id":31,"category_name":"Metaphysics","link":"bib?categories[]=Metaphysics"},{"id":15,"category_name":"Alexander of Aphrodisias","link":"bib?categories[]=Alexander of Aphrodisias"}],"authors":[],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5563,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Sirnak University Journal of Divinity Faculty \/ Sirnak \u00dcniversitesi Ilahiyat Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi","volume":"10","issue":"23","pages":"469-486"}},"sort":["Grek \u015e\u00e2rihlerden \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd'e De\u011fin Aristoteles'in Theta (\u0398) Kitab\u0131'n\u0131n H\u00e2ric\u00ee Tarihi"]}
| Title | Ibn Rushd and Aquinas on God’s Causal Omniscience |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2019 |
| Journal | The Muslim World |
| Volume | 109 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 595–614 |
| Categories | Thomas, Metaphysics, Aristotle, Commentary, Theology |
| Author(s) | Stephen Ogden |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5100","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5100,"authors_free":[{"id":5874,"entry_id":5100,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1681,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Stephen Ogden","free_first_name":"Stephen","free_last_name":"Ogden","norm_person":{"id":1681,"first_name":"Stephen R. ","last_name":"Ogden","full_name":"Stephen R. Ogden","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null,"link":"bib?authors[]=Stephen R. Ogden"}}],"entry_title":"Ibn Rushd and Aquinas on God\u2019s Causal Omniscience","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Ibn Rushd and Aquinas on God\u2019s Causal Omniscience"},"abstract":"","btype":3,"date":"2019","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":" https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/muwo.12312","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":51,"category_name":"Thomas","link":"bib?categories[]=Thomas"},{"id":31,"category_name":"Metaphysics","link":"bib?categories[]=Metaphysics"},{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"},{"id":23,"category_name":"Commentary","link":"bib?categories[]=Commentary"},{"id":39,"category_name":"Theology","link":"bib?categories[]=Theology"}],"authors":[{"id":1681,"full_name":"Stephen R. Ogden","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5100,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"The Muslim World","volume":"109","issue":"4","pages":"595\u2013614"}},"sort":["Ibn Rushd and Aquinas on God\u2019s Causal Omniscience"]}
| Title | Ibn Rušd et les Premiers Analytiques d'Aristote. Aperçu sur un problème de syllogistique modale |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 1995 |
| Journal | Arabic Sciences and Philosophy |
| Volume | 5 |
| Pages | 51–74 |
| Categories | Logic, Alexander of Aphrodisias, al-Fārābī, Aristotle, Commentary |
| Author(s) | Abdelali Elamrani-Jamal |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Ibn Rušd devoted a certain number of works to Aristotle's Prior Analytics. In a series of opuscules written over a period of twenty years and following upon his Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics, he faced a problem particular to the modal syllogism - that of the mood of the conclusion in mixed syllogisms. The problem can be stated as follows: At the beginning of the Prior Analytics, Aristotle established a formal deductive principle - that of universal attribution (Pr. An. I.1.24b26–30). Applied to the modal syllogism, this principle is inadequate as stated. It is too general to be applied in a univocal manner in all modal syllogisms. To preserve a sense of coherence in Aristotle's declarations, the commentators had to interpret it. Presenting the interpretations of the commentators, primarily al-Fārābī and Alexander, on the basis of al-Fārābī's Large Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics, Averroes criticizes them. Applied according to Alexander's interpretation, the principle of universal attribution is valid only for modal syllogisms one of whose premises is necessary and the other assertoric; according to al-Fārābī's interpretation, it is verified only when the minor premise is possible. Averroes proposes two preliminary solutions. Either this formal deductive principle must be applied differently according to the modal differences of the minor premises in mixed syllogisms (first solution) or would be used in two ways, generally or in keeping with each mood (second solution). These solutions are not satisfactory, for they call into question the unity and universality of the principle of universal attribution as established by Aristotle. What is the utility, Averroes asks, of a principle which does not hold for all modalities or does not apply to all the premises when the Prior Analytics ought to furnish formal and universal principles of deduction? And why did Aristotle define the principle of universal attribution without distinguishing its application according to each of the three modal premises? Returning at the end of his career to a literal exegesis of Aristotle's propositions and without harkening back to the earlier solutions, he proposes a theory of making the terms modal (fourth solution) in order to save Aristotle's declarations with respect to the principle of universal attribution and the mood of the conclusion of mixed syllogisms (Prior Analytics I. 9.30al5–20). Though formally inadequate, this solution, which had a continued history, proposes a new way of looking at the classification of modal propositions. |
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| Title | Il libro Epsilon della Metafisica di Aristotele nell’Epitome di Aevrroè (1126-1198) |
| Type | Article |
| Language | Italian |
| Date | 2017 |
| Journal | Bulletin de Philosophie Médiévale |
| Volume | 59 |
| Pages | 33–56 |
| Categories | Aristotle, Metaphysics, Theology, Commentary |
| Author(s) | Carmela Baffioni |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| This article deals with Averroes’s interpretation of Metaph. Ε 1, where Aristotle discusses the nature and object of metaphysics, as well as its place in the hierarchy of sciences. Among Averroes’s predecessors, al-Kindī seems to see a coincidence between metaphysics and theology, since God can be described as the “first cause of everything”. However, al-Fārābī and Avicenna discovered that “first philosophy” could be conceived as an ontology distinct from theology; moreover, they considered theology to be only a part of metaphysics, not even the most important one. In the Great Commentary on Metaphysics - where the Arabic translation of the work by the Jacobite monk Usṭāth is quoted, Averroes often just paraphrases the original passages. One may infer that theology in the strict sense is merely mentioned by way of example. In the Epitome of Metaphysics, the objects of metaphysics are “general” ones; metaphysics studies the “absolute being” and cannot be identified with theology as “pertaining to God”. |
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