A reference to al-Fârâbî’s Kitâb al-hurûf in Averroes’ critique of Avicenna (Tahâfut al-Tahâfut, 371,5-372,12 Bouyges), 2014
By: Cecilia Martini Bonadeo
Title A reference to al-Fârâbî’s Kitâb al-hurûf in Averroes’ critique of Avicenna (Tahâfut al-Tahâfut, 371,5-372,12 Bouyges)
Type Article
Language English
Date 2014
Journal Studi Magrebini
Volume 12-13
Pages 433-452
Categories al-Fārābī, Avicenna, Commentary, Metaphysics
Author(s) Cecilia Martini Bonadeo
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Al-Fārābī’s Book of Letters (Kitāb al-ḥurūf) and the analyses devoted in this text to the terminology of “being” are authoritative references for Averroes from the epitomes of his youth to his mature treatises. Also the Farabian doctrine of the conventionality of the natural language plays a role in Averroes’ thought. This paper discusses the Tahāfut al-Tahāfut, (pp.371,5-372.12 Bouyges), where Averroes has recourse to the Book of Letters in criticizing Avicenna’s distinction between essence and existence. Averroes explicitly mentions the title of the work and recalls a passage from the fifteenth chapter. This passage had already inspired him in the Epitome on Metaphysics, where Averroes did not mention explicitly his source, but followed in al-Fārābī’s footsteps as for the analysis of the uses of “being”. Averroes uses tacitly the same passage also in his Commentary on Metaphysics Delta 7.

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Storie di ricezione: Tolomeo, Avicenna e Averroè nel Medioevo arabo, ebraico e latino, 2013
By: Marienza Benedetto
Title Storie di ricezione: Tolomeo, Avicenna e Averroè nel Medioevo arabo, ebraico e latino
Type Article
Language Italian
Date 2013
Journal Quaestio
Volume 13
Pages 323–336
Categories Avicenna, Influence, Transmission
Author(s) Marienza Benedetto
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The recent (re-)publication of volumes about Avicenna allows us to revisit his central position in the history of philosophy and his overwhelming influence in Arabic, Jewish and Latin cultures: even those who disagreed with Avicenna often developed their standpoint in confrontation with him. Equally significant and deep was Averroes’ impact on the philosophical tradition: the Quaestio de anima intellectiva by Thomas Wylton is a good example in this sense, presenting one the most original reading of Averroes’ noetic in the 14th century.

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Avicenna's Influence on Aquinas' Early Doctrine of Creation in In II Sent., d. 1, q. 1, a. 2, 2012
By: Luis Xavier López-Farjeat
Title Avicenna's Influence on Aquinas' Early Doctrine of Creation in In II Sent., d. 1, q. 1, a. 2
Type Article
Language English
Date 2012
Journal Recherches de Théologie et Philosophie médiévales
Volume 79
Issue 2
Pages 307–337
Categories Thomas, Avicenna
Author(s) Luis Xavier López-Farjeat
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Avicenna's philosophy had a strong impact on many aspects of Thomas Aquinas' thought: Aquinas' early doctrine of creation is no exception to this. The present paper shows how the young Aquinas appeals to Avicenna's metaphysics while formulating a novel view on the topic of the creation of the world, a view diverging significantly from those of such contemporaries as Bonaventure and Albert the Great. After a brief historical introduction to the various argumentative strategies concerning the creation of the world, the discussion turns to an analysis of Aquinas' treatment in In II Sent. d. 1, q. 1, a. 2.

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Arabic/Islamic Philosophy in Thomas Aquinas’s Conception of the Beatific Vision in IV Sent., D. 49, Q. 2, A.1, 2012
By: Richard C. Taylor
Title Arabic/Islamic Philosophy in Thomas Aquinas’s Conception of the Beatific Vision in IV Sent., D. 49, Q. 2, A.1
Type Article
Language English
Date 2012
Journal The Thomist
Volume 76
Issue 4
Pages 509–550
Categories Metaphysics, al-Fārābī, Ibn Bāǧǧa, Avicenna, Alexander of Aphrodisias
Author(s) Richard C. Taylor
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Vis Aestimativa and Vis Cogitativa in Thomas Aquinas’s Commentary on the Sentences, 2012
By: Jörg Alejandro Tellkamp
Title Vis Aestimativa and Vis Cogitativa in Thomas Aquinas’s Commentary on the Sentences
Type Article
Language English
Date 2012
Journal The Thomist
Volume 76
Issue 4
Pages 611–40
Categories Aquinas, Aristotle, Albert, Avicenna
Author(s) Jörg Alejandro Tellkamp
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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An Abstractionist Correction of Avicenna's Theory of Intentionality in the Early Averroes, 2011
By: Francisco Romero Carasquillo
Title An Abstractionist Correction of Avicenna's Theory of Intentionality in the Early Averroes
Type Article
Language English
Date 2011
Journal Acta Philosophica
Volume 20
Issue 2
Pages 405-420
Categories Aristotle, Avicenna
Author(s) Francisco Romero Carasquillo
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
This paper offers an account of Averroes’ early doctrine of the internal senses with special reference to the role that intentionality plays in internal sense cognition. The author points out that, whereas for Avicenna an “intention” is the object of a specific faculty, for Averroes it is the formal aspect at any level of internal-sense cognition. This interpretation is required by the need to find coherence among those passages in Averroes’ Epitome de Parva naturalia that ascribe the joining of images and intentions to both the cogitative and memorative faculties. Consequently, Averroes’ account is hopelessly incoherent unless one interprets him as departing from, and indeed revising, the Avicennian doctrine of intentionality along more a faithful Aristotelian-abstractionist framework.

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ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī's Reception of Book Beta of Aristotle's Metaphysics against the Background of the Competing Readings by Avicenna and Averroes, 2010
By: Cecilia Martini Bonadeo
Title ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī's Reception of Book Beta of Aristotle's Metaphysics against the Background of the Competing Readings by Avicenna and Averroes
Type Article
Language English
Date 2010
Journal Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale
Volume 21
Pages 411–431
Categories Metaphysics, Commentary, Avicenna
Author(s) Cecilia Martini Bonadeo
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
This study is devoted to the Arabic reception of Metaphysics Beta in the Book on the Science of Metaphysics by ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī (1162–1231). After a brief overview of Aristotle's scope in Beta, of its Arabic direct tradition and of the competing readings devoted to it by Avicenna and Averroes, I present ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī's paraphrase. I focus on the concept of metaphysics as a science that stands out from it: metaphysics owes its leading role to the fact that it studies beings qua beings, it demonstrates the principles of particular sciences and inquiries into the first principle: it is ontology, universal science, first philosophy and theology. ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī gathers all the results of the science of metaphysics produced befoe him and transmitted through the schools' milieu. Al-Kindī and al-Fārābī cooperate to this end without any perception on ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī's part that a problem might arise: in ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī's view, the 'theologizing' interpretation of greek metaphysics and al-Fārābī's distinction bewteen theology and ontology coexist.

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Intentionality in Medieval Arabic Philosophy, 2010
By: Deborah L. Black
Title Intentionality in Medieval Arabic Philosophy
Type Article
Language English
Date 2010
Journal Quaestio
Volume 10
Pages 65-81
Categories Avicenna, Psychology, Metaphysics, Linguistics
Author(s) Deborah L. Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
It has long been a truism of the history of philosophy that intentionality is an invention of the medieval period, and within this standard narrative, the central place of Arabic philosophy has always been acknowledged. Yet there are many misconceptions surrounding the theories of intentionality advanced by the two main Arabic thinkers whose works were available to the West, Avicenna and Averroes. In the first part of this paper I offer an overview of the general accounts of intentionality and intentional being found in the linguistic, psychological, and metaphysical writings of Avicenna and Averroes, and I trace the terminology of “intentions” to a neglected passage from Avicenna’s logic. In the second part of the paper I examine the way that Avicenna and Averroes apply their general theories of intentionality to the realm of sense perception. I offer an explanation of why Avicenna might have chosen to denominate the objects of the internal sense faculty of estimation as “intentions”, and I explore the implications of Averroes’s decision to attribute intentionality to the external senses and the media of perception.

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Generazione verticale, generazione orizzontale: il principio di sinonimia nel Commento grande di Averroè al Libro Z della Metafisica di Aristotle, 2009
By: Cristina Cerami
Title Generazione verticale, generazione orizzontale: il principio di sinonimia nel Commento grande di Averroè al Libro Z della Metafisica di Aristotle
Type Article
Language Italian
Date 2009
Journal Chôra. Revue d’Études anciennes et médiévales
Volume 7-8
Issue 2009-2010
Pages 133-62
Categories Commentary, Aristotle, Metaphysics, Avicenna
Author(s) Cristina Cerami
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Le but de cet article est d’analyser l’interprétation qu’Averroès propose de l’étude de la génération spontanée développée par Aristote dans le chapitre 9 du livre Z de la Métaphysique et montrer que pour Averroès le véritable enjeu de cette étude est celui de démontrer que l’agent et le produit de la génération ont une même forme. C’est cette thèse, en effet, qui d’après le Cordouan permet en dernière instance d’instaurer entre le monde céleste et le monde terrestre une causalité, pour ainsi dire, «perpendiculaire» qui sauve à la fois l’efficacité des causes secondes et celle de la cause première qui agit par l’intermédiaire des causes célestes. Ce nouveau cadre cosmologico-ontologique apparaît manifestement comme le produit d’une stratégie menée directement contre Avicenne, car le but ultime d’Averroès est de substituer sa propre théorie de l’Artisan divin à la théorie platonicienne de la création démiurgique, à laquelle il assimile la théorie avicennienne d’une donation des formes par une Intelligence cosmique.

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Avicenna and Averroes on the Proof of God's Existence and the Subject-Matter of Metaphysics, 2007
By: Amos Bertolacci
Title Avicenna and Averroes on the Proof of God's Existence and the Subject-Matter of Metaphysics
Type Article
Language English
Date 2007
Journal Medioevo. Rivista di storia della filosofia medievale
Volume 32
Pages 61–79
Categories Avicenna, Metaphysics
Author(s) Amos Bertolacci
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Avicenna's millenary, 1950
By: Francesco Gabrieli
Title Avicenna's millenary
Type Article
Language English
Date 1950
Journal East and West
Volume 1
Issue 2
Pages 87-92
Categories Avicenna, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Francesco Gabrieli
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Avicenne en occident Au Moyen Age, 1969
By: Étienne Gilson
Title Avicenne en occident Au Moyen Age
Type Article
Language French
Date 1969
Categories Avicenna, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Étienne Gilson
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Between Avicenna and Averroes: Considerations on the Early Aquinas’ Aristotle, 2015
By: Marta Borgo
Title Between Avicenna and Averroes: Considerations on the Early Aquinas’ Aristotle
Type Article
Language English
Date 2015
Journal Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale
Volume 26
Pages 211–240
Categories Avicenna, Aristotle, Thomas, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Marta Borgo
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Creation and Science in the Middle Ages, 2007
By: William E. Carroll
Title Creation and Science in the Middle Ages
Type Article
Language English
Date 2007
Journal New Blackfriars
Volume 88
Issue 1018
Pages 678-689
Categories Aquinas, Avicenna, Theology, Metaphysics
Author(s) William E. Carroll
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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D'Avicenne à Averroès, et retour. Sur les sources arabes de la théorie scolastique de l'un transcendantal, 1994
By: Alain de Libera
Title D'Avicenne à Averroès, et retour. Sur les sources arabes de la théorie scolastique de l'un transcendantal
Type Article
Language French
Date 1994
Journal Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
Volume 4
Pages 141–179
Categories Metaphysics, Avicenna
Author(s) Alain de Libera
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The scholastic doctrine of transcendentals is inherited from Arabic philosophy to a certain extent. This dependance is clearly illustrated in the construction of the problematic of the transcendental one, which is identical with being, and of the numerical one, which is not. The scholastic discussion as a whole reproduces the major themes of Avicenna's position, then of Averroes' criticism of Avicenna. This article attempts to reconstruct the complex of questions, topics, and arguments which constitute this problematic by tracing its evolution through the analysis of anonymous sophismata and of texts by Nicholas of Paris, Roger Bacon, Albert the Great, and James of Viterbo. Two stages are distinguished: the first is centered on the distinction between the transcendental and numerical one; the second, essentially German (Dietrich of Freiberg and Berthold of Moosburg), is centered on the subordination of the Aristotelian to the Platonic concept of the transcendental one. Along the way, it is shown that, with the exception of the German philosophers, the understanding of Avicenna's position is constantly filtered through Averroes' interpretation.

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Da Avicenna ad Averroè. 'Questiones super librum de Anima', Oxford 1250 c.a. (ms. Siena Com. L. III. 21), 1992
By: Mariella Gardinali
Title Da Avicenna ad Averroè. 'Questiones super librum de Anima', Oxford 1250 c.a. (ms. Siena Com. L. III. 21)
Type Article
Language Italian
Date 1992
Journal Rivista di storia della filosofia
Volume 47
Pages 375–407
Categories Psychology, De anima, Avicenna
Author(s) Mariella Gardinali
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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From Alexandria to Cordoba: Medicine according to Averroes and the Araboislamic tradition, 2020
By: Miquel Forcada
Title From Alexandria to Cordoba: Medicine according to Averroes and the Araboislamic tradition
Type Article
Language Spanish
Date 2020
Journal Asclepio. Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia
Volume 72
Issue 2
Pages 312-327
Categories al-Fārābī, Avicenna, Medicine
Author(s) Miquel Forcada
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Ibn Rushd consideró la medicina como un arte productivo en su al-Kulliyyāt fī l-ṭibb, escrito entre 1162 y 1169, y como una ciencia en su comentario al poema de Ibn Sīnā sobre la medicina (Sharḥ Urjūzat Ibn Sīnā fī l-ṭibb), escrito en 1180. En Kulliyyāt, Ibn Rushd sigue de manera bastante estricta las ideas sobre el estatus de la medicina del filósofo al-Fārābī. En Sharḥ Urjūzat Ibn Sīnā, Ibn Rushd sintetiza las concepciones de varias obras, entre las cuales Masā’il fī l-ṭibb de Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq y Ḥubaysh, Qānūn fī l-ṭibb de Ibn Sinā y las obras sobre la lógica aristotélica de al-Fārābī. El análisis conjunto de estas fuentes, más las aportaciones de un nuevo manuscrito de Sharḥ Urjūzat Ibn Sīnā, proporcionan una idea más clara de la concepción de la medicina expuesta en esta obra y, en consecuencia, podemos reconsiderar y relativizar la diferencia entre esta concepción y la que se expone en Kulliyyāt. Las ideas de Ibn Rushd sobre el estatus de la medicina se analizan de acuerdo con el contexto sociopolítico en que fueron concebidas, considerando especialmente el hecho de que Sharḥ Urjūza Ibn Sīnā fī l-ṭibb fue escrito para las elites intelectuales y políticas del régimen almohad. Ibn Rushd considered medicine as a productive art in his al-Kulliyyāt fī l-ṭibb, written between 1162 and 1169, and as a science in his commentary on Ibn Sīnā’s poem on the subject (Sharḥ Urjūzat Ibn Sīnā fī l-ṭibb), written in 1180. In Kulliyyāt, Ibn Rushd followed quite strictly the ideas on the status of medicine propounded by the philosopher al-Fārābī. In Sharḥ Urjūzat Ibn Sīnā, Ibn Rushd summarised the conceptions of several works including Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq’s Masā’il fīl-ṭibb, Ibn Sīnā’s Qānūn fī l-ṭibb and al-Fārābī’s works on Aristotle’s logic. The joint analysis of these sources and the evidence provided by a new manuscript of Ibn Rushd’s Sharḥ give us a clearer idea of the conception of medicine extant in this latter work and, in consequence, we can reconsider and relativise the difference between it and the conception expounded in Kulliyyāt. Ibn Rushd’s ideas on the status of medicine are analysed according to the sociopolitical context in which they were conceived, taking particular account of the fact that Sharḥ Urjūza Ibn Sīnā fī l-ṭibb was written for the intellectual and political elites of the Almohad regime.

{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5592","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5592,"authors_free":[{"id":6491,"entry_id":5592,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":903,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Miquel Forcada","free_first_name":"Miquel","free_last_name":"Forcada","norm_person":{"id":903,"first_name":"","last_name":"","full_name":"","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]="}}],"entry_title":"From Alexandria to Cordoba: Medicine according to Averroes and the Araboislamic tradition","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"From Alexandria to Cordoba: Medicine according to Averroes and the Araboislamic tradition"},"abstract":" Ibn Rushd consider\u00f3 la medicina como un arte productivo en su al-Kulliyy\u0101t f\u012b l-\u1e6dibb, escrito entre 1162 y 1169, y como una ciencia en su comentario al poema de Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 sobre la medicina (Shar\u1e25 Urj\u016bzat Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 f\u012b l-\u1e6dibb), escrito en 1180. En Kulliyy\u0101t, Ibn Rushd sigue de manera bastante estricta las ideas sobre el estatus de la medicina del fil\u00f3sofo al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b. En Shar\u1e25 Urj\u016bzat Ibn S\u012bn\u0101, Ibn Rushd sintetiza las concepciones de varias obras, entre las cuales Mas\u0101\u2019il f\u012b l-\u1e6dibb de \u1e24unayn ibn Is\u1e25\u0101q y \u1e24ubaysh, Q\u0101n\u016bn f\u012b l-\u1e6dibb de Ibn Sin\u0101 y las obras sobre la l\u00f3gica aristot\u00e9lica de al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b. El an\u00e1lisis conjunto de estas fuentes, m\u00e1s las aportaciones de un nuevo manuscrito de Shar\u1e25 Urj\u016bzat Ibn S\u012bn\u0101, proporcionan una idea m\u00e1s clara de la concepci\u00f3n de la medicina expuesta en esta obra y, en consecuencia, podemos reconsiderar y relativizar la diferencia entre esta concepci\u00f3n y la que se expone en Kulliyy\u0101t. Las ideas de Ibn Rushd sobre el estatus de la medicina se analizan de acuerdo con el contexto sociopol\u00edtico en que fueron concebidas, considerando especialmente el hecho de que Shar\u1e25 Urj\u016bza Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 f\u012b l-\u1e6dibb fue escrito para las elites intelectuales y pol\u00edticas del r\u00e9gimen almohad.\r\n\r\nIbn Rushd considered medicine as a productive art in his al-Kulliyy\u0101t f\u012b l-\u1e6dibb, written between 1162 and 1169, and as a science in his commentary on Ibn S\u012bn\u0101\u2019s poem on the subject (Shar\u1e25 Urj\u016bzat Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 f\u012b l-\u1e6dibb), written in 1180. In Kulliyy\u0101t, Ibn Rushd followed quite strictly the ideas on the status of medicine propounded by the philosopher al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b. In Shar\u1e25 Urj\u016bzat Ibn S\u012bn\u0101, Ibn Rushd summarised the conceptions of several works including \u1e24unayn ibn Is\u1e25\u0101q\u2019s Mas\u0101\u2019il f\u012bl-\u1e6dibb, Ibn S\u012bn\u0101\u2019s Q\u0101n\u016bn f\u012b l-\u1e6dibb and al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b\u2019s works on Aristotle\u2019s logic. The joint analysis of these sources and the evidence provided by a new manuscript of Ibn Rushd\u2019s Shar\u1e25 give us a clearer idea of the conception of medicine extant in this latter work and, in consequence, we can reconsider and relativise the difference between it and the conception expounded in Kulliyy\u0101t. Ibn Rushd\u2019s ideas on the status of \r\nmedicine are analysed according to the sociopolitical context in which they were conceived, taking particular account of the fact that Shar\u1e25 Urj\u016bza Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 f\u012b l-\u1e6dibb was written for the intellectual and political elites of the Almohad regime.","btype":3,"date":"2020","language":"Spanish","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3989\/asclepio.2020.13","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":28,"category_name":"al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b"},{"id":10,"category_name":"Avicenna","link":"bib?categories[]=Avicenna"},{"id":29,"category_name":"Medicine","link":"bib?categories[]=Medicine"}],"authors":[{"id":903,"full_name":"","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5592,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Asclepio. Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia","volume":"72","issue":"2","pages":"312-327"}},"sort":["From Alexandria to Cordoba: Medicine according to Averroes and the Araboislamic tradition"]}

Gedächtnis und Erinnerung bei Avicenna und Averroes, 1988
By: Helmut Gätje
Title Gedächtnis und Erinnerung bei Avicenna und Averroes
Type Article
Language German
Date 1988
Journal Acta orientalia
Volume 49
Pages 7–36
Categories Psychology, Avicenna
Author(s) Helmut Gätje
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Generazione verticale, generazione orizzontale: il principio di sinonimia nel Commento grande di Averroè al Libro Z della Metafisica di Aristotle, 2009
By: Cristina Cerami
Title Generazione verticale, generazione orizzontale: il principio di sinonimia nel Commento grande di Averroè al Libro Z della Metafisica di Aristotle
Type Article
Language Italian
Date 2009
Journal Chôra. Revue d’Études anciennes et médiévales
Volume 7-8
Issue 2009-2010
Pages 133-62
Categories Commentary, Aristotle, Metaphysics, Avicenna
Author(s) Cristina Cerami
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Le but de cet article est d’analyser l’interprétation qu’Averroès propose de l’étude de la génération spontanée développée par Aristote dans le chapitre 9 du livre Z de la Métaphysique et montrer que pour Averroès le véritable enjeu de cette étude est celui de démontrer que l’agent et le produit de la génération ont une même forme. C’est cette thèse, en effet, qui d’après le Cordouan permet en dernière instance d’instaurer entre le monde céleste et le monde terrestre une causalité, pour ainsi dire, «perpendiculaire» qui sauve à la fois l’efficacité des causes secondes et celle de la cause première qui agit par l’intermédiaire des causes célestes. Ce nouveau cadre cosmologico-ontologique apparaît manifestement comme le produit d’une stratégie menée directement contre Avicenne, car le but ultime d’Averroès est de substituer sa propre théorie de l’Artisan divin à la théorie platonicienne de la création démiurgique, à laquelle il assimile la théorie avicennienne d’une donation des formes par une Intelligence cosmique.

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Ibn Rushd’s Criticism of the Theory of the Inherence of the Specific Property (khāssa) in Medicine, 2020
By: Yu Hoki
Title Ibn Rushd’s Criticism of the Theory of the Inherence of the Specific Property (khāssa) in Medicine
Type Article
Language English
Date 2020
Journal Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan
Volume 57
Issue 1
Pages 33–48
Categories Medicine, Galen, Avicenna, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Yu Hoki
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
In Medieval Arabic medical texts, a specific property (khāṣṣa) is thought to be one of the effects of a medicine, and effective in a specific humor or organ. This property is mainly mentioned to explain two phenomena, purgative medicines' attraction of a certain humor and theriacas strengthening of human innate heat. Galen had advocated the theory that the faculty of attracting a specific material inheres in a medical substance as its nature (referred to as the theory of inherence). The same view can be seen in the texts of Islamic philosopher-physicians such as Ibn Sīnā (d. 1037). On the other hand, Ibn Rushd (d. 1198) perceived the defects of this theory and criticised it. This article examines his criticism of the theory of inherence in his discussions about purgative medicines and theriacas. Ibn Rushd says that using the theory of inheritance, we cannot explain the phenomenon that when someone takes more than one dose of purgative medicine, it attracts not only the specific humor, but all of the humors. He then proposes the alternative theory that the specific property originates in the proportions of the qualities in the attracting and the attracted materials. From this perspective, he insists that the object of attraction varies according to the amount of the heat in the medicine. As for theriaca, Ibn Rushd criticises the theory of inherence as seen in the writings of Ibn Sīnā Ibn Sīnā claims that theriaca's specific property is generated from its substance, i.e. the combination of form with matter, not the mixture of the four qualities. But according to Ibn Rushd, with this explanation, it is impossible to explain the body's various responses to theriaca. Therefore he maintains that one must explain its specific property in terms of the four qualities. To conclude, Ibn Rushd considers his theory to be more capable of explaining various phenomena than the theory of inherence is.

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