’Active Intellect’ in Avempace and Averroës: An Interpretative Issue, 2016
By: Daniel Bučan
Title ’Active Intellect’ in Avempace and Averroës: An Interpretative Issue
Type Article
Language English
Date 2016
Journal Synthesis Philosophica
Volume 62
Issue 2
Pages 345–358
Categories Ibn Bāǧǧa, De anima, Psychology
Author(s) Daniel Bučan
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
This essay is about the understanding of the notion of active intellect in Ibn Bāǧǧa (Avempace) and Ibn Rushd (Averroës). The traditional interpretation of both Avempace’s and Averroës’ concept of active intellect is that they both understand it as the lowest celestial intelligence which is dator formarum, and that man thinks and cognizes intelligibles only by “connecting” with it in a quasi-mystic way; cognition being the active intellect’s granting ideas (formae or concepts) to man’s intellect. The author believes that both in Avempace’s and Averroës’ theory of cognition the notion of active intellect is only the highest function of human intellect, not a celestial entity. Based on such a presumption, as well as on the analysis of his theory, Avempace’s notion of iṭṭiṣāl bi-’aql fa’āl is interpreted not as a kind of mystic “conjunction” or “union” with a separate celestial entity, but as reaching the highest level of man’s intellect function in the continuity of the process of thinking. The same goes for Averroës’ theory, which is quite clearly presented in his Epistle on the Possibility of Conjunction with the Active Intellect, where one can find practically direct confirmation for such an interpretation, because Averroës says that “conjunction with it seems to resemble more the conjunction of form in matter than it does the conjunction of agent with effect. The well-known difference between agent and effect is that the agent is external, but here there is no external agent”, or that active intellect “conjoins with us from the outset by conjunction of in-existence”. The author concludes that the issue of the active intellect in Islamic philosophy is not disambiguous – for different thinkers it was a different concept – only the function of the active intellect is always one and the same: producing ideas.

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On a Possible Argument for Averroes’s Single Separate Intellect, 2016
By: Stephen R. Ogden
Title On a Possible Argument for Averroes’s Single Separate Intellect
Type Article
Language English
Date 2016
Journal Oxford Studies in Medieval Philosophy
Volume 4
Pages 27–63
Categories De anima, Psychology
Author(s) Stephen R. Ogden
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Pomponazzi Contra Averroes on the Intellect, 2016
By: John Sellars
Title Pomponazzi Contra Averroes on the Intellect
Type Article
Language English
Date 2016
Journal British Journal for the History of Philosophy
Volume 24
Issue 1
Pages 45–66
Categories Renaissance, De anima, Aristotle, Alexander of Aphrodisias, Themistius, Thomas
Author(s) John Sellars
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
This paper examines Pomponazzi's arguments against Averroes in his De Immortalitate Animae, focusing on the question whether thought is possible without a body. The first part of the paper will sketch the history of the problem, namely the interpretation of Aristotle's remarks about the intellect in De Anima 3.4-5, touching on Alexander, Themistius, and Averroes. The second part will focus on Pomponazzi's response to Averroes, including his use of arguments by Aquinas. It will conclude by suggesting that Pomponazzi's discussion stands as the first properly modern account of Aristotle's psychology.

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A Comparative Study of the Relationship between the Material and the Active Intellect from the Perspective of Averroes and Al-Farabi, 2015
By: Davoud Zandi
Title A Comparative Study of the Relationship between the Material and the Active Intellect from the Perspective of Averroes and Al-Farabi
Type Article
Language English
Date 2015
Journal Journal of Islamic Studies and Culture
Volume 3
Issue 2
Pages 39-41
Categories Psychology, De anima
Author(s) Davoud Zandi
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The relationship between the material intellect and the active intellect is an important issue in the realm of epistemology in Islamic philosophy. The aim of the present study is to compare the views of Averroes and Al-Farabi in this regard. Reviewing their theories, this study shows that both the mentioned philosophers agree upon the fact that the Active Intellect exists apart from human soul and acts as a creator of forms, but as for the relationship between the Material Intellect and the Active Intellect, there is disagreement between Averroes and Al-Farabi. Averroes believes that in some aspects both of them are the same yet they are different in some other aspects, namely regarding their acts they are different because the active intellect acts as creator of forms while the material intellect is just receiver of the forms. Nevertheless, they are the same, since the material intellect achieves perfection through the active intellect, whereas in Al-Farabi’s opinion, ontologically speaking; the material intellect and the active intellect are different in their existence. The material intellect in al-Farabi’s perspective is one of the stages of human intellect that is inherent in human soul, whereas the active intellect is an immaterial substance that exists apart from human soul.

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Du corporel au spirituel. Averroès et la question d'un sens « agent », 2014
By: Jean-Baptiste Brenet
Title Du corporel au spirituel. Averroès et la question d'un sens « agent »
Type Article
Language French
Date 2014
Journal Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Theologie
Volume 61
Issue 1
Pages 19–42
Categories De anima
Author(s) Jean-Baptiste Brenet
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Sources et origines de la théroie de l’intellect d’Averroès (I), 2014
By: Marc Geoffroy
Title Sources et origines de la théroie de l’intellect d’Averroès (I)
Type Article
Language French
Date 2014
Journal Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph
Volume 66
Issue 2014-2015
Pages 181–302
Categories Psychology, Tradition and Reception, Influence, De anima
Author(s) Marc Geoffroy
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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The Will in Averroes and Aquinas, 2013
By: Traci Phillipson
Title The Will in Averroes and Aquinas
Type Article
Language English
Date 2013
Journal Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association
Volume 87
Pages 231-247
Categories Thomas, Aristotle, De anima
Author(s) Traci Phillipson
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Despite the drastic differences in their views of the intellect and the location and specific function of the will both Aquinas and Averroes are able to claim that their systems allow for moral agency because they both place the will—a faculty that is of prime importance to the process of moral action—in the individual. Both philosophers think that they are following Aristotle in making their claims about the will and the intellects. This paper will examine the issue of will and the related issue of the intellects as it appears in the Aristotelian texts and in the subsequent work of Averroes and Aquinas. It will argue that at least some of the divergence in Averroes and Aquinas can be attributed to an issue of translation regarding De Anima, and a difference in the role of cogitation and the intellects regarding will.

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Pierre Bayle et la critique d’Averroès à Coimbra. Deux épisodes de la réception d’Averroès, 2013
By: Mário Santiago de Carvalho
Title Pierre Bayle et la critique d’Averroès à Coimbra. Deux épisodes de la réception d’Averroès
Type Article
Language French
Date 2013
Journal Revista Filosófica de Coimbra
Volume 22
Issue 44
Pages 417–432
Categories De anima, Commentary, Psychology
Author(s) Mário Santiago de Carvalho
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Long Commentary on Aristotle’s De anima, 2012
By: Averroes, Y. Eshots (Ed.),
Title Long Commentary on Aristotle’s De anima
Type Article
Language undefined
Date 2012
Journal Ishraq. Islamic Philosophy Yearbook
Volume 3
Pages 380–407
Categories Commentary, Aristotle, De anima
Author(s) Averroes , Y. Eshots ,
Publisher(s)
Translator(s) N. V. Efremova

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Averroes, sobre las facultades locomotriz y desiderativa en al Taljîs del De Anima, 2008
By: Carmen Makki, Carmen Makki, Andrés Martínez Lorca
Title Averroes, sobre las facultades locomotriz y desiderativa en al Taljîs del De Anima
Type Article
Language Spanish
Date 2008
Journal La Ciudad de Dios
Volume 221
Issue 1
Pages 201–221
Categories Psychology, De anima
Author(s) Carmen Makki , Carmen Makki , Andrés Martínez Lorca
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroismi al plurale, II. La ricezione del Commento grande al De anima di Ibn Rushd nelle Quaestiones in tertium de anima di Sigieri di Brabante, 2019
By: Federico Minzoni
Title Averroismi al plurale, II. La ricezione del Commento grande al De anima di Ibn Rushd nelle Quaestiones in tertium de anima di Sigieri di Brabante
Type Article
Language Italian
Date 2019
Journal Dianoia
Volume 28
Pages 81–94
Categories Siger of Brabant, De anima
Author(s) Federico Minzoni
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Siger of Brabant sketches in his Quaestiones in tertium de anima (ca. 1269) a noetic theory defending the unity of the intellect that is usually considered as a latin formulation of Ibn Rušd’s theory of the separateness of the material intellect as put forth in the Long Commentary on the De anima (ca. 1186). A closer look at key texts in both the Quaestiones and the Long Commentary will give us a quite different picture: while Siger works out his theory on the background of a dualistic anthropology that takes the union between the intellective soul (conceived as an hoc aliquid) and the human body to be only operational, Ibn Rušd (who develops his theory starting from strictly aristotelic epistemological premises) repeatedly stresses throughout the Long Commentary that, if man is an agent of thought, the union between the separate intellects and the thinking individual ought to be always hylomorphic. This paper aims at showing that, although Siger has often been identified as an averroist, his psychology is certainly not rushdian.

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Averroismi al plurale. La ricezione del Tafsîr kitâb al-nafs di Ibn Rushd nel Commento alle Sentenze di Tommaso d’Aquino, 2017
By: Federico Minzoni
Title Averroismi al plurale. La ricezione del Tafsîr kitâb al-nafs di Ibn Rushd nel Commento alle Sentenze di Tommaso d’Aquino
Type Article
Language Italian
Date 2017
Journal Dianoia
Volume 24
Pages 15-32
Categories Aristotle, Commentary, De anima, Averroism, Siger of Brabant, Thomas
Author(s) Federico Minzoni
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
A widespread historiographic commonplace, established by Thomas Aquinas himself in his Tractatus de unitate intellectus (1270), takes Siger of Brabant’s Quaestiones in tertium de anima (ca. 1265) to be a latin formulation of Ibn Rušd’s theory of the unity of the material intellect as exposed in the Tafsīr Kitāb al-Nafs (Long Commentary on the De anima, ca. 1186); according to the same view, Aquinas’ philosophy of mind would be the expression of a strongly antiaverroistic – and therefore more orthodox – kind of aristotelianism. Building on a thorough analysis of key texts in Aquinas’ Commentary on the Sentences (1255), I argue in this paper that those who hold Aquinas’ noetic to be anti-averroistic are greatly mistaken: while Siger’s always superficial rushdian inspiration is better understood against the background of a neoplatonic-tinged mind-body dualism clearly at odds with Ibn Rušd’s own strictly peripatetic ontology, Aquinas’ psychology, hylomorfic and not-dualist at its core, is aristotelian mainly inasmuch as it is rushdian.

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Averroès et l'intellect matériel diaphane - Remarques sur une analogie variable, 2018
By: Jean-Baptiste Brenet
Title Averroès et l'intellect matériel diaphane - Remarques sur une analogie variable
Type Article
Language French
Date 2018
Journal Recherches de Théologie et Philosophie Médiévales
Volume 85
Issue 2
Pages 261–284
Categories Commentary, De anima
Author(s) Jean-Baptiste Brenet
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
This paper studies the analogy set forth by Averroes in his Great Commentary on the De anima between the material intellect and the transparent medium. The overall context of the present inquiry is the 'question of Theophrastus' concerning the nature of the material intellect. The paper argues that the analogy between material intellect and transparent medium arises because, just like the transparent medium, the material intellect’s functioning requires a prior actualization: just as colors shine through the transparent medium only insofar as it is itself actually illuminated, the material intellect can receive intelligible forms only insofar as it is fundamentally actualized by the agent intellect. The aim of this paper is thus to reconsider the nature of the material intellect’s potency and its formal relation to the agent intellect.

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Commentarium magistri Johannis Wenceslai De Praga super 'De Anima' Aristotelis, 1982
By: Milan Mráz
Title Commentarium magistri Johannis Wenceslai De Praga super 'De Anima' Aristotelis
Type Article
Language Polish
Date 1982
Journal Mediaevalia philosophica Polonorum
Volume 26
Pages 79–91
Categories Psychology, De anima
Author(s) Milan Mráz
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Da Avicenna ad Averroè. 'Questiones super librum de Anima', Oxford 1250 c.a. (ms. Siena Com. L. III. 21), 1992
By: Mariella Gardinali
Title Da Avicenna ad Averroè. 'Questiones super librum de Anima', Oxford 1250 c.a. (ms. Siena Com. L. III. 21)
Type Article
Language Italian
Date 1992
Journal Rivista di storia della filosofia
Volume 47
Pages 375–407
Categories Psychology, De anima, Avicenna
Author(s) Mariella Gardinali
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Die 'inneren Sinne' bei Averroes, 1965
By: Helmut Gätje
Title Die 'inneren Sinne' bei Averroes
Type Article
Language German
Date 1965
Journal Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
Volume 115
Pages 255–293
Categories Psychology, De anima
Author(s) Helmut Gätje
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Du corporel au spirituel. Averroès et la question d'un sens « agent », 2014
By: Jean-Baptiste Brenet
Title Du corporel au spirituel. Averroès et la question d'un sens « agent »
Type Article
Language French
Date 2014
Journal Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Theologie
Volume 61
Issue 1
Pages 19–42
Categories De anima
Author(s) Jean-Baptiste Brenet
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Heresy and Epithet: An Approach to the Problem of Latin Averroism, I, 1954
By: Stuart Mac Clintock
Title Heresy and Epithet: An Approach to the Problem of Latin Averroism, I
Type Article
Language English
Date 1954
Journal The Review of Metaphysics
Volume 8
Issue 1
Pages 176-199
Categories Averroism, Latin Averroism, Siger of Brabant, De anima
Author(s) Stuart Mac Clintock
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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L'unité de l'homme : saint Thomas contre Averroès, 1960
By: G. Verbeke
Title L'unité de l'homme : saint Thomas contre Averroès
Type Article
Language French
Date 1960
Journal Revue philosophique de Louvain
Volume 58
Pages 220-249
Categories Tradition and Reception, De anima, Psychology
Author(s) G. Verbeke
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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La position de Zabarella vis-à-vis d’Averroès dans son Commentaire sur le De anima, 2021
By: Jules Janssens
Title La position de Zabarella vis-à-vis d’Averroès dans son Commentaire sur le De anima
Type Article
Language French
Date 2021
Journal Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph
Volume 68
Pages 105–135
Categories Renaissance, Tradition and Reception, Commentary, De anima
Author(s) Jules Janssens
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Dans son commentaire sur le De anima d’Aristote Zabarella fait un usage non négligeable du Grand Commentaire sur le même ouvrage d’Averroès, le grand penseur andalou. On a pris l’habitude de considérer que Zabarella n’a pas pu finaliser son commentaire, étant donné qu’il fut publié à titre posthume. Il s’agirait donc d’un ouvrage incomplet. Toutefois, si on tient compte du fait que Zabarella s’intéresse avant tout, voire presque exclusivement, à l’étude de l’âme humaine, tout indique qu’il a consciemment choisi de ne pas commenter certains chapitres de l’ouvrage du Stagirite. Quant à l’impact d’Averroès sur la doctrine de l’âme exposée par Zabarella, elle a été diversement évaluée dans la recherche contemporaine, mais dans l’ensemble on y perçoit une attitude fortement critique du dernier envers le premier. Il est nécessaire de nuancer ce jugement. En effet, sur la base de trois fragments, répartis sur les trois livres, la présente recherche met en lumière qu’Averroès est considéré par Zabarella comme une vraie autorité, « auctoritas » ; que Zabarella souscrit parfois pleinement à l’interprétation du maître arabe ; et, enfin, que Zabarella explique certaines explications « erronées » de ce dernier comme l’effet inévitable de la traduction fautive du texte aristotélicien dont Averroès disposait. En somme, l’attitude de Zabarella vis-à-vis d’Averroès s’avère complexe, évitant aussi bien l’excès d’un rejet total que celui d’une acceptation aveugle.

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