Author 133
Category
Why the Prime Mover Is Not an Exclusively Final Cause. Alexander of Aphrodisias and Averroes, 2023
By: David Twetten
Title Why the Prime Mover Is Not an Exclusively Final Cause. Alexander of Aphrodisias and Averroes
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions
Pages 29-55
Categories Metaphysics, Alexander of Aphrodisias
Author(s) David Twetten
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Human Nature in Early Franciscan Thought. Philosophical Background and Theological Significance, 2023
By: Lydia Schumacher
Title Human Nature in Early Franciscan Thought. Philosophical Background and Theological Significance
Type Monograph
Language English
Date 2023
Publication Place Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, NY, USA
Publisher Cambridge University Press
Categories Tradition and Reception, Augustine, Metaphysics
Author(s) Lydia Schumacher
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
In this book, Lydia Schumacher challenges the common assumption that early Franciscan thought simply reiterates the longstanding tradition of Augustine. She demonstrates how scholars from this tradition incorporated the work of Islamic and Jewish philosophers, whose works had recently been translated from Arabic, with a view to developing a unique approach to questions of human nature. These questions pertain to perennial philosophical concerns about the relationship between the body and the soul, the work of human cognition and sensation, and the power of free will. By highlighting the Arabic sources of early Franciscan views on these matters, Schumacher illustrates how scholars working in the early thirteenth century anticipated later developments in Franciscan thought which have often been described as novel or unprecedented. Above all, her study demonstrates that the early Franciscan philosophy of human nature was formulated with a view to bolstering the order's specific theological and religious ideals.

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Rereading Metaphysics Ε2-3: Aristotle's argument against determinism, and how Averroes twisted it in his Long Commentary, 2022
By: Dustin Klinger
Title Rereading Metaphysics Ε2-3: Aristotle's argument against determinism, and how Averroes twisted it in his Long Commentary
Type Article
Language English
Date 2022
Journal Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
Volume 32
Issue 1
Pages 109–135
Categories Metaphysics, Commentary, Providence
Author(s) Dustin Klinger
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
In the fresh reading proposed here of the still not satisfactorily interpreted passages in Metaphysics Ε2-3, Aristotle emerges as making a case against determinism based on a robust notion of the accident. Accidental beings are uncaused causes and have their rightful place in Aristotle's ontology. The resulting physical indeterminism is here used as a litmus test for the exegetical practice of the great Commentator, Averroes, whose self-proclaimed, and later proverbial, loyalty to Aristotle's text will be shown to give way to idiosyncratic interpretations at times. His explanations of Metaphysics Ε2-3 are sparse and no less obscure than Aristotle's text. It is only when read together with his commentaries on the Physics, to which he explicitly refers twice in his Long commentary on Metaphysics Ε2-3, that a surprising picture emerges. Averroes recycles the notion of the accident, now reconceptualised in cosmological terms, and – putting it to the opposite use of Aristotle's – weaves it into an original theory of motion that integrates both supra- and sublunar realms into a deterministic framework of uninterrupted causal chains, thus safeguarding the principle of Divine providence.

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شري ما بعد الطبيعة قي ضوء منطق أرسطو: نظرية البرهان الفلسفي عند إبن رشد , 2022
By: Youssef ben Addi
Title شري ما بعد الطبيعة قي ضوء منطق أرسطو: نظرية البرهان الفلسفي عند إبن رشد
Type Monograph
Language Arabic
Date 2022
Publication Place Qatar
Publisher المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies
Categories Metaphysics, Logic, Aristotle
Author(s) Youssef ben Addi
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Does Each of Us Think Our Own Universal? An Averroean Challenge for (Aquinas and) Hervaeus Natalis, 2022
By: Hamid Taieb
Title Does Each of Us Think Our Own Universal? An Averroean Challenge for (Aquinas and) Hervaeus Natalis
Type Article
Language English
Date 2022
Journal History of Philosophy Quarterly
Volume 39
Issue 4
Pages 339-354
Categories Metaphysics, Psychology
Author(s) Hamid Taieb
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
This paper aims to address a problem faced by any philosopher who treats universals as intentional objects: in defending this thesis, aren't they committed to the view that each of us thinks an individuated universal, since each of us, when thinking of a universal, must have our own intentional object? This problem, which is mentioned by Brentano at the turn of the twentieth century, originated in the Middle Ages in debates initiated by Averroes about the nature of the intellect. It shows up in the later Aquinas, due to his theory of the verbum, which might be interpreted as a sort of intentional object, but it is solved without too much difficulty. It is later found in Hervaeus Natalis, who does accept intentional objects; in contrast to Aquinas, it is not clear that Hervaeus has a good solution to the problem. After first presenting the problem, this paper then turns to its medieval origins by analyzing its occurrence in Aquinas's criticism of Averroes. It then explains why Hervaeus has more difficulties than Aquinas in solving the problem. It concludes with a systematic reflection on the various possible solutions to the problem.

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Dialectical views on metaphysics in Islam: Thoughts of Ibn Rushd and theologians, 2022
By: Aminullah Elhady
Title Dialectical views on metaphysics in Islam: Thoughts of Ibn Rushd and theologians
Type Article
Language English
Date 2022
Journal HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies
Volume 78
Issue 4
Pages 1-6
Categories Theology, Metaphysics
Author(s) Aminullah Elhady
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
This paper discusses the dialectical thoughts of Ibn Rushd and theologians on divine metaphysics. The discussion is based on the study of criticisms and dialogues on the theologians’ view on metaphysics. Three important points emerge: firstly, how Ibn Rushd presented the basis of his critical arguments; secondly, the process of Ibn Rushd’s methods of criticism on the theologians’ metaphysical reasons and lastly, the content of Ibn Rushd’s criticisms of the theologians’ metaphysical reason. This paper provides a detailed description of the themes as accurate and comprehensive ways to provide a basis of Ibn Rushd’s criticism. Contribution: This study contributes to encouraging and changing the views of scholars of Islamic theology that Ibn Rushd, apart from being a philosopher, is also a critical thinker in the field of Islamic theology.

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Averroes on intellect: from Aristotelian origins to Aquinas' critique, 2022
By: Stephen R. Ogden
Title Averroes on intellect: from Aristotelian origins to Aquinas' critique
Type Monograph
Language English
Date 2022
Publication Place Oxford
Publisher Oxford University Press
Categories Aristotle, Thomas, Avicenna, De anima, Metaphysics
Author(s) Stephen R. Ogden
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
This book on the Muslim philosopher Averroes (Ibn Rushd) provides a detailed analysis of his (in)famous unicity thesis—the view that there is only one separate and eternal intellect for all human beings. It focuses directly on Averroes’ arguments, both from the text of Aristotle’s De Anima and, more importantly, his own philosophical arguments in the Long Commentary on the De Anima. Ogden defends Averroes’ interpretation of Aristotle’s DA III.4–5 (using Greek, Arabic, Latin, and contemporary sources). Yet, the author insists that Averroes is not merely a “commentator” but also an incisive philosopher in his own right. Ogden thus reconstructs and analyzes Averroes’ two most significant independent philosophical arguments, the Determinate Particular Argument and the Unity Argument. Alternative ancient and medieval views are considered throughout, especially from two important foils before and after Averroes, namely Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā) and Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas’s most famous and penetrating arguments against the unicity thesis are also addressed. Finally, Ogden considers Averroes’ own objections to broader metaphysical views of the soul such as Avicenna’s and Aquinas’s, which agree with him on several key points (e.g., the immateriality of the intellect and the individuation of human souls by matter), while still diverging on the number and substantial nature of the intellect. The central aim of the book is to provide readers a single study of Averroes’ most pivotal arguments on intellect, consolidating and building on recent scholarship and offering a comprehensive case for his unicity thesis in the wider context of Aristotelian epistemology and metaphysics.

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Substances in Subjects: Instantiation and Existence in Avicenna, 2022
By: Nathaniel B. Taylor
Title Substances in Subjects: Instantiation and Existence in Avicenna
Type Article
Language English
Date 2022
Journal American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, Journal of the American Catholic Philosophical Association
Volume 96
Issue 3
Pages 453-471
Categories Avicenna, Tradition and Reception, Metaphysics
Author(s) Nathaniel B. Taylor
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
In an effort to refute Avicenna’s real distinction between essence and existence, Averroes argues for an Instantiation Analysis of existence which thinks of existence not as an accidental addition to an essence, but rather as the recognition that there is an instance in extramental reality which matches a concept in the mind of a knower. In this study, I argue that Averroes’s Instantiation Analysis fails to refute Avicenna’s real distinction by showing that Avicenna himself endorses the Instantiation Analysis and, in fact, makes use of it to motivate his real distinction. To show this, I review several texts where Avicenna makes the puzzling claim that substances are found to be in subjects. These texts reveal how Avicenna discovers the real distinction with Aristotle’s help—not, as Averroes relates, against the view of Aristotle.

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Is Silence Praise to Thee? On the Remarkable Near-Absence of Hebrew Averroist Metaphysical Speculation about God in the 15th-16th Centuries, 2021
By: Yehuda Halper
Title Is Silence Praise to Thee? On the Remarkable Near-Absence of Hebrew Averroist Metaphysical Speculation about God in the 15th-16th Centuries
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2021
Published in Averroism between the 15th and 17th Century
Pages 225–244
Categories Jewish Averroism, Metaphysics, Renaissance
Author(s) Yehuda Halper
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Ibn Rushd on Knowledge, Pleasures, and Analogy, 2021
By: Fouad Ben Ahmed
Title Ibn Rushd on Knowledge, Pleasures, and Analogy
Type Article
Language English
Date 2021
Journal Philosophy and Scienes in Muslim Contexts
Categories Logic, Psychology, Metaphysics, Poetics, Rhetoric
Author(s) Fouad Ben Ahmed
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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The Reasons for and the Consequences of Averroes’ Saying Essence to God Abstract, 2021
By: Fevzi Yiğit
Title The Reasons for and the Consequences of Averroes’ Saying Essence to God Abstract
Type Article
Language undefined
Date 2021
Journal Turkish Academic Research Review - Türk Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi [TARR]
Volume 6
Issue 3
Categories Theology, Metaphysics
Author(s) Fevzi Yiğit
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
This article deals with the relative reasons and consequences of Averroes’ saying God the essence. Thus, based on the example of Averroes, it is desired to show that the philosophers’ conception of God is actually directly related to the subject of metaphysics. The distinctions between potential and actual, being-essence and matter-form, which are thought to have strong forms of explanation, will be applied when needed. According to Averroes, his research of being is basically an investigation of essence. Although the concept of being/existence does not represent a higher level of being above the substance, it takes place in metaphysics as a higher concept with different meanings. However, according to Ibn Avicenna, the existing meets a higher level of being than the substance, and therefore its inquiry cannot be only the one for substance. Therefore, according to him, the subject of metaphysics is not a substance qua substance. In short, the possible reasons for Averroes to call God essence are as follows: First, God is the most suitable for the definition of essence in all existence. The second is that, keeping other meanings of being in mind, he accepted the concept of “mawjūd” as a mental concept that has no reality in the external world, that is, as a genus, and therefore only recognized the substance as reality. The third is the idea that the celestial bodies move endlessly. The fourth is his view on the relationship between universals and discrete entities and tangible individual essences. Following Aristotle, Averroes thinks that universals and ideas do not contribute to the existence of individual essences. The possible consequences of Averroes’ calling God a substance are as follows: The first is his Hanbalī attitude towards God in his books Fasl al-maqāl and al-Kashf an manāhij al-adilla, which he wrote on the relationship between religion and philosophy. Secondly, what was mentioned above as a cause, is a cyclical thing that can be expressed as a result here. In other words, while accepting the celestial bodies and the universe as eternal, causes God to be called essence, calling God essence results in the idea that the universe exists only apart and disconnected from him under the influence of God. The third is his rejection of the doctrines of creation out of nothing and sudūr (emanation). The refusal to create out of nothing is based on a general ontological principle -as the ancient philosophers openly expressed- “absolute absence cannot be the source of existence”.

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Yahyâ ibn ‘Adî and Averroes on Metaphysics Alpha Elatton, 2015
By: Peter Adamson
Title Yahyâ ibn ‘Adî and Averroes on Metaphysics Alpha Elatton
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2015
Published in Studies on Early Arabic Philosophy
Pages 343–373
Categories Aristotle, Metaphysics
Author(s) Peter Adamson
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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'Substance' in Averroes' Three Commentaries on the Metaphysics, 2009
By: Josep Puig Montada
Title 'Substance' in Averroes' Three Commentaries on the Metaphysics
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2009
Published in Florilegium mediaevale. Études offertes à Jacqueline Hamesse à l'occasion de son éméritat
Pages 491–524
Categories Metaphysics
Author(s) Josep Puig Montada
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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A Case of "Author's Variant Readings" and the Textual History of Averroes' Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics , 2006
By: Mauro Zonta
Title A Case of "Author's Variant Readings" and the Textual History of Averroes' Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2006
Published in Écriture et réécriture des textes philosophiques médiévaux. Volume d'hommage offert à Colette Sirat
Pages 465–483
Categories Metaphysics
Author(s) Mauro Zonta
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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A Companion to the Latin Medieval Commentaries on Aristotle's Metaphysics, 2013
By: Fabrizio Amerini (Ed.), Gabriele Galluzzo (Ed.)
Title A Companion to the Latin Medieval Commentaries on Aristotle's Metaphysics
Type Edited Book
Language undefined
Date 2013
Publication Place Leiden
Publisher Brill Academic Publishers
Series Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition
Volume 43
Categories Tradition and Reception, Commentary, Metaphysics
Author(s) Fabrizio Amerini , Gabriele Galluzzo
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Few philosophical books have been so influential in the development of Western thought as Aristotle’s Metaphysics. For centuries Aristotle’s most celebrated work has been regarded as a source of inspiration as well as the starting point for every investigation into the structure of reality. Not surprisingly, the topics discussed in the book – the scientific status of ontology and metaphysics, the foundations of logical truths, the notions of essence and existence, the nature of material objects and their properties, the status of mathematical entities, just to mention some – are still at the centre of the current philosophical debate and are likely to excite philosophical minds for many years to come. This volume reconstructs in fourteen chapters a particular phase in the long history of the Metaphysics by focusing on the medieval reception of Aristotle’s masterpiece, specifically from its introduction in the Latin West in the twelfth through fifteenth centuries. Contributors include: Marta Borgo, Matteo di Giovanni, Amos Bertolacci, Silvia Donati, Gabriele Galluzzo, Alessandro D. Conti, Sten Ebbesen, Fabrizio Amerini, Giorgio Pini, Roberto Lambertini, William O. Duba, Femke J. Kok, and Paul J.J.M. Bakker.

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A Comparative Study of Some Aspects of the Metaphysics of Aristotle and Ibn Rushd, 1995
By: A. Q. Fazlul Wahid
Title A Comparative Study of Some Aspects of the Metaphysics of Aristotle and Ibn Rushd
Type Article
Language English
Date 1995
Journal Dhaka University Studies: Journal of the Faculty of Arts
Volume 51
Pages 113–126
Categories Metaphysics
Author(s) A. Q. Fazlul Wahid
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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A Comparative study of the theory of dual reality from the perspective of Averroes, followers of Averroes and the church of the thirteenth century, 2015
By: Ali Ghorbani, Fath ali Akbari
Title A Comparative study of the theory of dual reality from the perspective of Averroes, followers of Averroes and the church of the thirteenth century
Type Article
Language Persian
Date 2015
Journal Comparative Theology
Volume 5
Issue 12
Pages 69-84
Categories Epistemology, Averroism, Theology, Metaphysics
Author(s) Ali Ghorbani , Fath ali Akbari
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
In the thirteenth century, along with the return of the European thinkers and philosophers to Aristotelian philosophy and the emergence of the contradiction between Aristotle's philosophy and Christian teachings and religious beliefs, the church put forward a theory known as dual reality. According to this theory everything that is true in theology, its opposite can also be true in philosophy. With this theory, the church accused the philosophers of heresy, while the followers of Averroes considered themselves free of this charge. In his book Faṣl al-maqāl, Averroes appeared to be in favor of the above mentioned theory in a different form. By a precise analysis of the theory through reviewing the now available sources and considering the events followed by attributing this view to the philosophers, one can infer different implications from the theory from the perspective of each of the three sides involved (i.e. Averroes, followers of Averroes and church) and the following division can be sketched: 1- ontological implications: that is to believe in the existence of two types of realities in the universe which can be described in two ways: A) two contradictory scopes in the universe B) two distinct scopes in the universe. 2- Epistemological implications of the dual reality: A) Two ways to reach one reality. B) Two dictions to narrate one reality. C) Duality of the reality in practice. D) Two levels of one single reality. By analyzing each of these implications of the dual reality, one can be led to some consequences according to which based on different works of Averroes he cannot be accused of believing in a kind of duality which makes him deserve heresy.

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A essência da matéria prima em Averróis Latino (con una referência a Henrique de Gand), 1996
By: Mário A. Santiago de Carvalho
Title A essência da matéria prima em Averróis Latino (con una referência a Henrique de Gand)
Type Article
Language Portuguese
Date 1996
Journal Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia
Volume 52
Issue 1/4
Pages 197–221
Categories Metaphysics, Latin Averroism
Author(s) Mário A. Santiago de Carvalho
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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A propos de fondamental et de l'essentiel dans le commentaire d'Averroès sur la Métaphysique d'Aristote, 1995
By: Laurence Bauloye
Title A propos de fondamental et de l'essentiel dans le commentaire d'Averroès sur la Métaphysique d'Aristote
Type Article
Language French
Date 1995
Journal Revue de philosophie ancienne
Volume 13
Pages 225–238
Categories Metaphysics, Aristotle
Author(s) Laurence Bauloye
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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A reference to al-Fârâbî’s Kitâb al-hurûf in Averroes’ critique of Avicenna (Tahâfut al-Tahâfut, 371,5-372,12 Bouyges), 2014
By: Cecilia Martini Bonadeo
Title A reference to al-Fârâbî’s Kitâb al-hurûf in Averroes’ critique of Avicenna (Tahâfut al-Tahâfut, 371,5-372,12 Bouyges)
Type Article
Language English
Date 2014
Journal Studi Magrebini
Volume 12-13
Pages 433-452
Categories al-Fārābī, Avicenna, Commentary, Metaphysics
Author(s) Cecilia Martini Bonadeo
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Al-Fārābī’s Book of Letters (Kitāb al-ḥurūf) and the analyses devoted in this text to the terminology of “being” are authoritative references for Averroes from the epitomes of his youth to his mature treatises. Also the Farabian doctrine of the conventionality of the natural language plays a role in Averroes’ thought. This paper discusses the Tahāfut al-Tahāfut, (pp.371,5-372.12 Bouyges), where Averroes has recourse to the Book of Letters in criticizing Avicenna’s distinction between essence and existence. Averroes explicitly mentions the title of the work and recalls a passage from the fifteenth chapter. This passage had already inspired him in the Epitome on Metaphysics, where Averroes did not mention explicitly his source, but followed in al-Fārābī’s footsteps as for the analysis of the uses of “being”. Averroes uses tacitly the same passage also in his Commentary on Metaphysics Delta 7.

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