| Title | Citer/traduire. La traduction arabo-latine de la Rhétorique d’Aristote par Hermann l’Allemand et les citations d’al-Fârâbî et Averroès |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2017 |
| Journal | Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale |
| Volume | 28 |
| Pages | 177–218 |
| Categories | Aristotle, al-Fārābī, Tradition and Reception, Rhetoric |
| Author(s) | Frédérique Woerther |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5258","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5258,"authors_free":[{"id":6067,"entry_id":5258,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Mustafa Yildiz","free_first_name":"Mustafa","free_last_name":"Yildiz","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"Conceiving Religion: Al-F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee and Averroes on the Concepts of \u201cMillah\u201d and \u201cShar\u00eeah\u201d","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Conceiving Religion: Al-F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee and Averroes on the Concepts of \u201cMillah\u201d and \u201cShar\u00eeah\u201d"},"abstract":"","btype":3,"date":"2016","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5840\/islamicphil2016104","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":28,"category_name":"al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b"},{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"},{"id":39,"category_name":"Theology","link":"bib?categories[]=Theology"}],"authors":[],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5258,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Journal of Islamic Philosophy","volume":"10","issue":"","pages":"62\u2013103"}},"sort":[2016]}
| Title | L’éternité du mouvement chez Ibn Bâjja (Avempace) : de la définition générique à la défintion numérique. Le commentaire aux chapitres 1 et 2 du livre VIII de la Physique |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2016 |
| Journal | Les Études Philosophiques |
| Volume | 117 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 161–216 |
| Categories | Aristotle, Physics, al-Fārābī, Ibn Bāǧǧa, Influence |
| Author(s) | Farah Cherif Zahar |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| This article examines Ibn Bāǧǧa’s (Avempace) interpretation of the first two chapters of the eighth book of Aristotle’s Physics and what he has in mind when he describes Aristotle’s proof as a demonstration of the eternity of motion “in genus.” His approach in the second appendix to book eight differs from the one he develops in the main commentary. In the former text, Ibn Bāǧǧa works on the distinction between essential and accidental successions, which leads him to realize that the accidental and thus possible successions— horizontal approach—are not sufficient to guarantee the eternity of movement and then to adopt a vertical approach that goes back to the numerical identity of the circular continuous motion. We show to what extent Ibn Bāǧǧa’s interpretation is indebted to Al-Fārābī’s lost treatise On Changing Beings and also aim to highlight the role of this reading in the evolution of Averroes’ interpretation. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5260","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5260,"authors_free":[{"id":6069,"entry_id":5260,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Farah Cherif Zahar","free_first_name":"Farah","free_last_name":"Cherif Zahar","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"L\u2019\u00e9ternit\u00e9 du mouvement chez Ibn B\u00e2jja (Avempace) : de la d\u00e9finition g\u00e9n\u00e9rique \u00e0 la d\u00e9fintion num\u00e9rique. Le commentaire aux chapitres 1 et 2 du livre VIII de la Physique","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"L\u2019\u00e9ternit\u00e9 du mouvement chez Ibn B\u00e2jja (Avempace) : de la d\u00e9finition g\u00e9n\u00e9rique \u00e0 la d\u00e9fintion num\u00e9rique. Le commentaire aux chapitres 1 et 2 du livre VIII de la Physique"},"abstract":"This article examines Ibn B\u0101\u01e7\u01e7a\u2019s (Avempace) interpretation of the first two chapters of the eighth book of Aristotle\u2019s Physics and what he has in mind when he describes Aristotle\u2019s proof as a demonstration of the eternity of motion \u201cin genus.\u201d His approach in the second appendix to book eight differs from the one he develops in the main commentary. In the former text, Ibn B\u0101\u01e7\u01e7a works on the distinction between essential and accidental successions, which leads him to realize that the accidental and thus possible successions\u2014 horizontal approach\u2014are not sufficient to guarantee the eternity of movement and then to adopt a vertical approach that goes back to the numerical identity of the circular continuous motion. We show to what extent Ibn B\u0101\u01e7\u01e7a\u2019s interpretation is indebted to Al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b\u2019s lost treatise On Changing Beings and also aim to highlight the role of this reading in the evolution of Averroes\u2019 interpretation. ","btype":3,"date":"2016","language":"French","online_url":"","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"},{"id":37,"category_name":"Physics","link":"bib?categories[]=Physics"},{"id":28,"category_name":"al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b"},{"id":17,"category_name":"Ibn B\u0101\u01e7\u01e7a","link":"bib?categories[]=Ibn B\u0101\u01e7\u01e7a"},{"id":24,"category_name":"Influence","link":"bib?categories[]=Influence"}],"authors":[],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5260,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Les \u00c9tudes Philosophiques","volume":"117","issue":"2","pages":"161\u2013216"}},"sort":[2016]}
| Title | Ibn Rušd et les Premiers Analytiques d'Aristote. Aperçu sur un problème de syllogistique modale |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 1995 |
| Journal | Arabic Sciences and Philosophy |
| Volume | 5 |
| Pages | 51–74 |
| Categories | Logic, Alexander of Aphrodisias, al-Fārābī, Aristotle, Commentary |
| Author(s) | Abdelali Elamrani-Jamal |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Ibn Rušd devoted a certain number of works to Aristotle's Prior Analytics. In a series of opuscules written over a period of twenty years and following upon his Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics, he faced a problem particular to the modal syllogism - that of the mood of the conclusion in mixed syllogisms. The problem can be stated as follows: At the beginning of the Prior Analytics, Aristotle established a formal deductive principle - that of universal attribution (Pr. An. I.1.24b26–30). Applied to the modal syllogism, this principle is inadequate as stated. It is too general to be applied in a univocal manner in all modal syllogisms. To preserve a sense of coherence in Aristotle's declarations, the commentators had to interpret it. Presenting the interpretations of the commentators, primarily al-Fārābī and Alexander, on the basis of al-Fārābī's Large Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics, Averroes criticizes them. Applied according to Alexander's interpretation, the principle of universal attribution is valid only for modal syllogisms one of whose premises is necessary and the other assertoric; according to al-Fārābī's interpretation, it is verified only when the minor premise is possible. Averroes proposes two preliminary solutions. Either this formal deductive principle must be applied differently according to the modal differences of the minor premises in mixed syllogisms (first solution) or would be used in two ways, generally or in keeping with each mood (second solution). These solutions are not satisfactory, for they call into question the unity and universality of the principle of universal attribution as established by Aristotle. What is the utility, Averroes asks, of a principle which does not hold for all modalities or does not apply to all the premises when the Prior Analytics ought to furnish formal and universal principles of deduction? And why did Aristotle define the principle of universal attribution without distinguishing its application according to each of the three modal premises? Returning at the end of his career to a literal exegesis of Aristotle's propositions and without harkening back to the earlier solutions, he proposes a theory of making the terms modal (fourth solution) in order to save Aristotle's declarations with respect to the principle of universal attribution and the mood of the conclusion of mixed syllogisms (Prior Analytics I. 9.30al5–20). Though formally inadequate, this solution, which had a continued history, proposes a new way of looking at the classification of modal propositions. |
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| Title | منطق ارسطو بين الفارابي و ابن رشد |
| Transcription | Manṭiq Arisṭū bain al-Fārābī wa-Ibn Rušd |
| Translation | Aristotle's logic between Alfarabi and Averroes |
| Type | Article |
| Language | Arabic |
| Date | 1992 |
| Journal | Al-Abḥāṯ |
| Volume | 40 |
| Pages | 107–128 |
| Categories | Logic, al-Fārābī, Aristotle |
| Author(s) | Māǧid Faḫrī |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Philosophische Traumlehren im Islam |
| Type | Article |
| Language | German |
| Date | 1959 |
| Journal | Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft |
| Volume | 109 (n.F. 34) |
| Issue | 25 |
| Pages | 258-285 |
| Categories | Surveys, al-Kindī, al-Fārābī, Avicenna, Aristotle, Psychology |
| Author(s) | Helmut Gätje |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Online Access | https://www.jstor.org/stable/43369297 |
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| Title | Prophecy Between Poetics and Politics from Al-Farabi to Leo Strauss |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Journal | International Journal of the Classical Tradition |
| Pages | 1-29 |
| Categories | al-Fārābī, Avicenna, Maimonides, Aristotle, Poetics, Rhetoric, Politics, Tradition and Reception |
| Author(s) | Peter Makhlouf |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Judaeo-Arabic prophetology, as developed in the wake of Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy, was highly attentive to the kind of representational modes produced by divine revelation and their political use—but also their political precarity. By drawing on another corpus, less often discussed in this context, the Arabic commentaries on Aristotle's Poetics and Rhetoric, this study proposes to undertake a close analysis of how the medieval thinkers in question (Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Averroes, and Maimonides) understood the poetics of prophecy to function. What emerges is an account of how the political theo-logic of poetics and rhetoric—as developed with respect to terms such as imitation, imagination and visualization—came to play a central role in the theory of prophecy, and how that theory of prophecy in turn gave rise to an understanding of what Leo Strauss once termed the ‘literary character’ of these philosophers' ‘art of writing’. |
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| Title | Citer/traduire. La traduction arabo-latine de la Rhétorique d’Aristote par Hermann l’Allemand et les citations d’al-Fârâbî et Averroès |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2017 |
| Journal | Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale |
| Volume | 28 |
| Pages | 177–218 |
| Categories | Aristotle, al-Fārābī, Tradition and Reception, Rhetoric |
| Author(s) | Frédérique Woerther |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5200","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5200,"authors_free":[{"id":5993,"entry_id":5200,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1286,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Woerther","free_first_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","free_last_name":"Woerther","norm_person":{"id":1286,"first_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","last_name":"Woerther","full_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Woerther","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/13670932X","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Woerther"}}],"entry_title":"Citer\/traduire. La traduction arabo-latine de la Rh\u00e9torique d\u2019Aristote par Hermann l\u2019Allemand et les citations d\u2019al-F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee et Averro\u00e8s","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Citer\/traduire. La traduction arabo-latine de la Rh\u00e9torique d\u2019Aristote par Hermann l\u2019Allemand et les citations d\u2019al-F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee et Averro\u00e8s"},"abstract":"","btype":3,"date":"2017","language":"French","online_url":"","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"},{"id":28,"category_name":"al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b"},{"id":43,"category_name":"Tradition and Reception","link":"bib?categories[]=Tradition and Reception"},{"id":48,"category_name":"Rhetoric","link":"bib?categories[]=Rhetoric"}],"authors":[{"id":1286,"full_name":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Woerther","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5200,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale","volume":"28","issue":"","pages":"177\u2013218"}},"sort":["Citer\/traduire. La traduction arabo-latine de la Rh\u00e9torique d\u2019Aristote par Hermann l\u2019Allemand et les citations d\u2019al-F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee et Averro\u00e8s"]}
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| Title | Ibn Rušd et les Premiers Analytiques d'Aristote. Aperçu sur un problème de syllogistique modale |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 1995 |
| Journal | Arabic Sciences and Philosophy |
| Volume | 5 |
| Pages | 51–74 |
| Categories | Logic, Alexander of Aphrodisias, al-Fārābī, Aristotle, Commentary |
| Author(s) | Abdelali Elamrani-Jamal |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Ibn Rušd devoted a certain number of works to Aristotle's Prior Analytics. In a series of opuscules written over a period of twenty years and following upon his Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics, he faced a problem particular to the modal syllogism - that of the mood of the conclusion in mixed syllogisms. The problem can be stated as follows: At the beginning of the Prior Analytics, Aristotle established a formal deductive principle - that of universal attribution (Pr. An. I.1.24b26–30). Applied to the modal syllogism, this principle is inadequate as stated. It is too general to be applied in a univocal manner in all modal syllogisms. To preserve a sense of coherence in Aristotle's declarations, the commentators had to interpret it. Presenting the interpretations of the commentators, primarily al-Fārābī and Alexander, on the basis of al-Fārābī's Large Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics, Averroes criticizes them. Applied according to Alexander's interpretation, the principle of universal attribution is valid only for modal syllogisms one of whose premises is necessary and the other assertoric; according to al-Fārābī's interpretation, it is verified only when the minor premise is possible. Averroes proposes two preliminary solutions. Either this formal deductive principle must be applied differently according to the modal differences of the minor premises in mixed syllogisms (first solution) or would be used in two ways, generally or in keeping with each mood (second solution). These solutions are not satisfactory, for they call into question the unity and universality of the principle of universal attribution as established by Aristotle. What is the utility, Averroes asks, of a principle which does not hold for all modalities or does not apply to all the premises when the Prior Analytics ought to furnish formal and universal principles of deduction? And why did Aristotle define the principle of universal attribution without distinguishing its application according to each of the three modal premises? Returning at the end of his career to a literal exegesis of Aristotle's propositions and without harkening back to the earlier solutions, he proposes a theory of making the terms modal (fourth solution) in order to save Aristotle's declarations with respect to the principle of universal attribution and the mood of the conclusion of mixed syllogisms (Prior Analytics I. 9.30al5–20). Though formally inadequate, this solution, which had a continued history, proposes a new way of looking at the classification of modal propositions. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"479","_score":null,"_source":{"id":479,"authors_free":[{"id":623,"entry_id":479,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":779,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Abdelali Elamrani-Jamal","free_first_name":"Abdelali","free_last_name":"Elamrani-Jamal","norm_person":{"id":779,"first_name":"Abdelali","last_name":"Elamrani-Jamal","full_name":"Abdelali Elamrani-Jamal","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/154697621","viaf_url":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/7526121","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Abdelali Elamrani-Jamal"}}],"entry_title":"Ibn Ru\u0161d et les Premiers Analytiques d'Aristote. Aper\u00e7u sur un probl\u00e8me de syllogistique modale","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"main_title":{"title":"Ibn Ru\u0161d et les Premiers Analytiques d'Aristote. Aper\u00e7u sur un probl\u00e8me de syllogistique modale"},"abstract":"Ibn Ru\u0161d devoted a certain number of works to Aristotle's Prior Analytics. In a series of opuscules written over a period of twenty years and following upon his Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics, he faced a problem particular to the modal syllogism - that of the mood of the conclusion in mixed syllogisms. The problem can be stated as follows: At the beginning of the Prior Analytics, Aristotle established a formal deductive principle - that of universal attribution (Pr. An. I.1.24b26\u201330). Applied to the modal syllogism, this principle is inadequate as stated. It is too general to be applied in a univocal manner in all modal syllogisms. To preserve a sense of coherence in Aristotle's declarations, the commentators had to interpret it. Presenting the interpretations of the commentators, primarily al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b and Alexander, on the basis of al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b's Large Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics, Averroes criticizes them. Applied according to Alexander's interpretation, the principle of universal attribution is valid only for modal syllogisms one of whose premises is necessary and the other assertoric; according to al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b's interpretation, it is verified only when the minor premise is possible. Averroes proposes two preliminary solutions. Either this formal deductive principle must be applied differently according to the modal differences of the minor premises in mixed syllogisms (first solution) or would be used in two ways, generally or in keeping with each mood (second solution). These solutions are not satisfactory, for they call into question the unity and universality of the principle of universal attribution as established by Aristotle. What is the utility, Averroes asks, of a principle which does not hold for all modalities or does not apply to all the premises when the Prior Analytics ought to furnish formal and universal principles of deduction? And why did Aristotle define the principle of universal attribution without distinguishing its application according to each of the three modal premises? Returning at the end of his career to a literal exegesis of Aristotle's propositions and without harkening back to the earlier solutions, he proposes a theory of making the terms modal (fourth solution) in order to save Aristotle's declarations with respect to the principle of universal attribution and the mood of the conclusion of mixed syllogisms (Prior Analytics I. 9.30al5\u201320). Though formally inadequate, this solution, which had a continued history, proposes a new way of looking at the classification of modal propositions.","btype":3,"date":"1995","language":"French","online_url":null,"doi_url":null,"ti_url":null,"categories":[{"id":27,"category_name":"Logic","link":"bib?categories[]=Logic"},{"id":15,"category_name":"Alexander of Aphrodisias","link":"bib?categories[]=Alexander of Aphrodisias"},{"id":28,"category_name":"al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b"},{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"},{"id":23,"category_name":"Commentary","link":"bib?categories[]=Commentary"}],"authors":[{"id":779,"full_name":"Abdelali Elamrani-Jamal","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":479,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Arabic Sciences and Philosophy","volume":"5","issue":null,"pages":"51\u201374"}},"sort":["Ibn Ru\u0161d et les Premiers Analytiques d'Aristote. Aper\u00e7u sur un probl\u00e8me de syllogistique modale"]}
| Title | L’éternité du mouvement chez Ibn Bâjja (Avempace) : de la définition générique à la défintion numérique. Le commentaire aux chapitres 1 et 2 du livre VIII de la Physique |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2016 |
| Journal | Les Études Philosophiques |
| Volume | 117 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 161–216 |
| Categories | Aristotle, Physics, al-Fārābī, Ibn Bāǧǧa, Influence |
| Author(s) | Farah Cherif Zahar |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| This article examines Ibn Bāǧǧa’s (Avempace) interpretation of the first two chapters of the eighth book of Aristotle’s Physics and what he has in mind when he describes Aristotle’s proof as a demonstration of the eternity of motion “in genus.” His approach in the second appendix to book eight differs from the one he develops in the main commentary. In the former text, Ibn Bāǧǧa works on the distinction between essential and accidental successions, which leads him to realize that the accidental and thus possible successions— horizontal approach—are not sufficient to guarantee the eternity of movement and then to adopt a vertical approach that goes back to the numerical identity of the circular continuous motion. We show to what extent Ibn Bāǧǧa’s interpretation is indebted to Al-Fārābī’s lost treatise On Changing Beings and also aim to highlight the role of this reading in the evolution of Averroes’ interpretation. |
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| Title | Philosophische Traumlehren im Islam |
| Type | Article |
| Language | German |
| Date | 1959 |
| Journal | Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft |
| Volume | 109 (n.F. 34) |
| Issue | 25 |
| Pages | 258-285 |
| Categories | Surveys, al-Kindī, al-Fārābī, Avicenna, Aristotle, Psychology |
| Author(s) | Helmut Gätje |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Online Access | https://www.jstor.org/stable/43369297 |
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| Title | Prophecy Between Poetics and Politics from Al-Farabi to Leo Strauss |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Journal | International Journal of the Classical Tradition |
| Pages | 1-29 |
| Categories | al-Fārābī, Avicenna, Maimonides, Aristotle, Poetics, Rhetoric, Politics, Tradition and Reception |
| Author(s) | Peter Makhlouf |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Judaeo-Arabic prophetology, as developed in the wake of Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy, was highly attentive to the kind of representational modes produced by divine revelation and their political use—but also their political precarity. By drawing on another corpus, less often discussed in this context, the Arabic commentaries on Aristotle's Poetics and Rhetoric, this study proposes to undertake a close analysis of how the medieval thinkers in question (Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Averroes, and Maimonides) understood the poetics of prophecy to function. What emerges is an account of how the political theo-logic of poetics and rhetoric—as developed with respect to terms such as imitation, imagination and visualization—came to play a central role in the theory of prophecy, and how that theory of prophecy in turn gave rise to an understanding of what Leo Strauss once termed the ‘literary character’ of these philosophers' ‘art of writing’. |
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| Title | منطق ارسطو بين الفارابي و ابن رشد |
| Transcription | Manṭiq Arisṭū bain al-Fārābī wa-Ibn Rušd |
| Translation | Aristotle's logic between Alfarabi and Averroes |
| Type | Article |
| Language | Arabic |
| Date | 1992 |
| Journal | Al-Abḥāṯ |
| Volume | 40 |
| Pages | 107–128 |
| Categories | Logic, al-Fārābī, Aristotle |
| Author(s) | Māǧid Faḫrī |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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