| Title | Averroes, Philosopher of Islam |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2019 |
| Published in | Interpreting Averroes. Critical Essays |
| Pages | 9–26 |
| Categories | Biography, al-Ġazālī |
| Author(s) | Matteo Di Giovanni |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The opening chapter of the book situates Averroes' project within the intellectual context of medieval Islamic Spain, arguing that Averroes' project of writing commentaries on Aristotle was in part a response to the provocations of Muslim theologians and especially Ghazali. Even some of his most notorious philosophical positions, for instance on the unity of the human intellect and the eternity of the world, can be better understood within this context. |
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| Title | Averroes: 1126-1198 |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2018 |
| Published in | Great Muslims of the West: Makers of Western Islam |
| Pages | 82-89 |
| Categories | Biography |
| Author(s) | Muhammad Mojlum Khan |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Ibn Rushd, Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Hafīd (Averroes) |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2011 |
| Published in | Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy. Philosophy between 500 and 1500 |
| Pages | 494–501 |
| Categories | Biography, Surveys, Logic, Psychology, Cosmology, Metaphysics |
| Author(s) | Taneli Kukkonen |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Averroes (1126–1198 CE) was the most famous and prolific commentator on Aristotle in all of medieval philosophy: 38 works are extant, at all levels of instruction. This concentration on Aristotle was not happenstance, instead, it reflects Averroes’ maturing philosophical outlook. For Averroes, Aristotle’s teaching came to represent the pinnacle of philosophical wisdom, and answers to all the most pressing problems in philosophy were to be found in a thorough and careful exploration of what that teaching truly implied. In the course of Averroes’ deepening investigations into Aristotelian lore, alternative interpretations were advanced and different traditions of thinking carefully laid side by side, producing a field guide to the Peripatetic tradition, as it was known to an Arabic scholar of the classical period. The resulting body of texts represents a high watermark in Aristotelian synthesis and systematization, even if Averroes failed in the end to resolve satisfactorily all the problems that had accumulated over the centuries. In addition to his Aristotelian Commentaries, Explications, and Compendia (which, besides Aristotle, encompassed works by Plato, Galen, Ptolemy, and al-Ġazālī), Averroes wrote smaller, independent essays and questions that explored contested issues in Aristotelian teaching; polemical works that argued the religious innocence and intellectual respectability of Peripatetic philosophy, correctly understood; and medical and legal treatises of solid but unspectacular standing. Averroes’ reputation was made in Latin Scholasticism and in Jewish circles of learning, while in the Arabic world his works fell mostly by the wayside. Today, his name is evoked in the Arabic world as a rallying-point for a rationalist Islam – a fitting legacy, if not always especially well grounded (modern-day Averroists displaying at best a cursory knowledge of the Commentator’s philosophy). |
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| Title | Averroes (Ibn Rushd) |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2009 |
| Published in | The History of Western Philosophy of Religion |
| Pages | 121–136 |
| Categories | Biography, Law, Science |
| Author(s) | Gerhard Endress |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Abū-l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn-Muḥammad ibn-Rushd, known in the Latin West under the Hispanicized name ‘Averroes’, was, like his ancestors, a jurist in Islamic Andalusia. He became Chief Judge of Cordoba and Seville, court physician to the Almohad princes of Morocco and Spain, counsellor and courtier in the orbit of power. He belonged to the three worlds of intellectual culture in his age: he was brought up in the world of the ʿulamā, learned exegetes and administrators of the Sharīʿa (the revealed law of Islam); he mastered the world of the rational sciences – applied in medicine and astronomy, and crowned by the universal wisdom of philosophy that was taken to lead the way to true wisdom and ultimate happiness; and he rose to high station in the world of court, where the Commander of the Faithful ruled as absolute king. He embodied the sum of intellectual excellence and active experience a person could gain in his time and place. The religious community, and the political conditions, of Muslim Spain underwent deep changes in Averroes' lifetime. His project – to give a rational foundation to the Muslim doctrine and in the long run to vindicate the work of philosophy as a rule of reason governing all of society – with its progress and its setbacks, was closely connected with the social condition, the spiritual outlook and the dialectic of power and authority in the Andalust. |
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| Title | The Evolution of the Introduction in Averroes' Commentaries. A Preliminary Study |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2007 |
| Published in | Averroes et les Averroïsmes juif et latin. Actes du Colloque International. Paris, 16–18 juin 2005 |
| Pages | 141–150 |
| Categories | Biography, Particular Aspects throughout the Oeuvre |
| Author(s) | Ruth Glasner |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Ibn Rushd et le pouvoir almohade |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2005 |
| Published in | Averroès et l'averroïsme (XIIe-XVe siècle). Un itinéraire historique du Haut Atlas à Paris et à Padue. Actes du colloque international organisé à Lyon, les 4 et 5 octobre 1999 dans le cadre du "Temps du Maroc" |
| Pages | 121–130 |
| Categories | Biography |
| Author(s) | Dominique Urvoy |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"1191","_score":null,"_source":{"id":1191,"authors_free":[{"id":1373,"entry_id":1191,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":732,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Dominique Urvoy","free_first_name":"Dominique","free_last_name":"Urvoy","norm_person":{"id":732,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Urvoy","full_name":"Dominique Urvoy","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/137841728","viaf_url":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/233294725","db_url":"https:\/\/www.deutsche-biographie.de\/pnd137841728.html","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Dominique Urvoy"}}],"entry_title":"Ibn Rushd et le pouvoir almohade","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"main_title":{"title":"Ibn Rushd et le pouvoir almohade"},"abstract":null,"btype":2,"date":"2005","language":"French","online_url":null,"doi_url":null,"ti_url":null,"categories":[{"id":13,"category_name":"Biography","link":"bib?categories[]=Biography"}],"authors":[{"id":732,"full_name":"Dominique Urvoy","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":1191,"section_of":120,"pages":"121\u2013130","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":120,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"reference","type":4,"language":null,"title":"Averro\u00e8s et l'averro\u00efsme (XIIe-XVe si\u00e8cle). Un itin\u00e9raire historique du Haut Atlas \u00e0 Paris et \u00e0 Padue. Actes du colloque international organis\u00e9 \u00e0 Lyon, les 4 et 5 octobre 1999 dans le cadre du \"Temps du Maroc\"","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"short_title":null,"has_no_author":0,"volume":null,"date":"2005","edition_no":null,"free_date":"2005","abstract":null,"republication_of":null,"online_url":null,"online_resources":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":null,"doi_url":null,"book":{"id":120,"pubplace":"Lyon","publisher":"Presses Universitaires de Lyon","series":"Collection d'Histoire et d'Arch\u00e9ologie m\u00e9di\u00e9vales","volume":"16","edition_no":null,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null}}},"article":null},"sort":[2005]}
| Title | Averroès dans son temps |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2005 |
| Published in | Averroès et l'averroïsme (XIIe-XVe siècle). Un itinéraire historique du Haut Atlas à Paris et à Padue. Actes du colloque international organisé à Lyon, les 4 et 5 octobre 1999 dans le cadre du "Temps du Maroc" |
| Pages | 13–26 |
| Categories | Biography |
| Author(s) | Guichard Pierre |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"1161","_score":null,"_source":{"id":1161,"authors_free":[{"id":1342,"entry_id":1161,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1075,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Guichard Pierre","free_first_name":"Guichard","free_last_name":"Pierre","norm_person":{"id":1075,"first_name":"Pierre","last_name":"Guichard","full_name":"Pierre Guichard","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1056369507","viaf_url":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/112569262","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Pierre Guichard"}}],"entry_title":"Averro\u00e8s dans son temps","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"main_title":{"title":"Averro\u00e8s dans son temps"},"abstract":null,"btype":2,"date":"2005","language":"French","online_url":null,"doi_url":null,"ti_url":null,"categories":[{"id":13,"category_name":"Biography","link":"bib?categories[]=Biography"}],"authors":[{"id":1075,"full_name":"Pierre Guichard","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":1161,"section_of":120,"pages":"13\u201326","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":120,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"reference","type":4,"language":null,"title":"Averro\u00e8s et l'averro\u00efsme (XIIe-XVe si\u00e8cle). Un itin\u00e9raire historique du Haut Atlas \u00e0 Paris et \u00e0 Padue. Actes du colloque international organis\u00e9 \u00e0 Lyon, les 4 et 5 octobre 1999 dans le cadre du \"Temps du Maroc\"","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"short_title":null,"has_no_author":0,"volume":null,"date":"2005","edition_no":null,"free_date":"2005","abstract":null,"republication_of":null,"online_url":null,"online_resources":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":null,"doi_url":null,"book":{"id":120,"pubplace":"Lyon","publisher":"Presses Universitaires de Lyon","series":"Collection d'Histoire et d'Arch\u00e9ologie m\u00e9di\u00e9vales","volume":"16","edition_no":null,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null}}},"article":null},"sort":[2005]}
| Title | Le problème de la disgrâce d'Averroès |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2005 |
| Published in | Averroès et l'averroïsme (XIIe-XVe siècle). Un itinéraire historique du Haut Atlas à Paris et à Padue. Actes du colloque international organisé à Lyon, les 4 et 5 octobre 1999 dans le cadre du "Temps du Maroc" |
| Pages | 155–189 |
| Categories | Biography |
| Author(s) | Emile Fricaud |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | The Relationship between Averroes and al-Ghazālī. As it presents itself in Averroes' early writings, especially in his commentary on al-Ghazālī's Mustaṣfā |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2002 |
| Published in | Medieval Philosophy and the Classical Tradition |
| Pages | 51–63 |
| Categories | Biography, al-Ġazālī |
| Author(s) | Frank Griffel |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Crise de la pensée sous les Nasrides |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2002 |
| Published in | Averroes (1126–1198) oder der Triumph des Rationalismus. Internationales Symposium anlässlich des 800. Todestages des islamischen Philosophen. Heidelberg, 7.-11. Oktober 1998 |
| Pages | 213–219 |
| Categories | Biography |
| Author(s) | H. Trabelsi |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Averroes (Ibn Rushd) |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2009 |
| Published in | The History of Western Philosophy of Religion |
| Pages | 121–136 |
| Categories | Biography, Law, Science |
| Author(s) | Gerhard Endress |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Abū-l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn-Muḥammad ibn-Rushd, known in the Latin West under the Hispanicized name ‘Averroes’, was, like his ancestors, a jurist in Islamic Andalusia. He became Chief Judge of Cordoba and Seville, court physician to the Almohad princes of Morocco and Spain, counsellor and courtier in the orbit of power. He belonged to the three worlds of intellectual culture in his age: he was brought up in the world of the ʿulamā, learned exegetes and administrators of the Sharīʿa (the revealed law of Islam); he mastered the world of the rational sciences – applied in medicine and astronomy, and crowned by the universal wisdom of philosophy that was taken to lead the way to true wisdom and ultimate happiness; and he rose to high station in the world of court, where the Commander of the Faithful ruled as absolute king. He embodied the sum of intellectual excellence and active experience a person could gain in his time and place. The religious community, and the political conditions, of Muslim Spain underwent deep changes in Averroes' lifetime. His project – to give a rational foundation to the Muslim doctrine and in the long run to vindicate the work of philosophy as a rule of reason governing all of society – with its progress and its setbacks, was closely connected with the social condition, the spiritual outlook and the dialectic of power and authority in the Andalust. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5371","_score":null,"_ignored":["booksection.book.abstract.keyword"],"_source":{"id":5371,"authors_free":[{"id":6223,"entry_id":5371,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":203,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Gerhard Endress","free_first_name":"Gerhard","free_last_name":"Endress","norm_person":{"id":203,"first_name":"Gerhard","last_name":"Endress","full_name":"Gerhard Endress","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/115696954","viaf_url":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/82748395","db_url":"https:\/\/www.deutsche-biographie.de\/pnd115696954.html","from_claudius":0,"link":"bib?authors[]=Gerhard Endress"}}],"entry_title":"Averroes (Ibn Rushd)","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Averroes (Ibn Rushd)"},"abstract":"Ab\u016b-l-Wal\u012bd Mu\u1e25ammad ibn-Mu\u1e25ammad ibn-Rushd, known in the Latin West under the Hispanicized name \u2018Averroes\u2019, was, like his ancestors, a jurist in Islamic Andalusia. He became Chief Judge of Cordoba and Seville, court physician to the Almohad princes of Morocco and Spain, counsellor and courtier in the orbit of power. He belonged to the three worlds of intellectual culture in his age: he was brought up in the world of the \u02bfulam\u0101, learned exegetes and administrators of the Shar\u012b\u02bfa (the revealed law of Islam); he mastered the world of the rational sciences \u2013 applied in medicine and astronomy, and crowned by the universal wisdom of philosophy that was taken to lead the way to true wisdom and ultimate happiness; and he rose to high station in the world of court, where the Commander of the Faithful ruled as absolute king. He embodied the sum of intellectual excellence and active experience a person could gain in his time and place.\r\n\r\nThe religious community, and the political conditions, of Muslim Spain underwent deep changes in Averroes' lifetime. His project \u2013 to give a rational foundation to the Muslim doctrine and in the long run to vindicate the work of philosophy as a rule of reason governing all of society \u2013 with its progress and its setbacks, was closely connected with the social condition, the spiritual outlook and the dialectic of power and authority in the Andalust.","btype":2,"date":"2009","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/UPO9781844654642.011","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":13,"category_name":"Biography","link":"bib?categories[]=Biography"},{"id":26,"category_name":"Law","link":"bib?categories[]=Law"},{"id":56,"category_name":"Science","link":"bib?categories[]=Science"}],"authors":[{"id":203,"full_name":"Gerhard Endress","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":5371,"section_of":5370,"pages":"121\u2013136","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":5370,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"bibliography","type":4,"language":"en","title":"The History of Western Philosophy of Religion","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2009","edition_no":null,"free_date":null,"abstract":"\r\nAn international team of over 100 leading scholars has been brought together to provide authoritative exposition of how history\u0092s most important philosophical thinkers \u0096 from antiquity to the present day- have sought to analyse the concepts and tenets central to Western religious belief, especially Christianity. Volume 2 comprises an introduction, presenting an overview of Medieval philosophy of religion, and a series of essays on Medieval philosophers, including Boethius, Marenbon, Anselm of Canterbury, Bernard of Clairvaux, Al-Ghazali, Moses Mainmonides, William Ockham, Erasmus of Rotterdam and Roger Bacon. Each essay opens with a brief biography, outlines and analyses the philosopher\u0092s contribution to thinking on religion, and concludes with key further reading. The volume closes with a chronology, presenting a contextual guide to the main religious, political, cultural and artistic events of the period. This volume is an excellent tool for those undertaking research in this area.","republication_of":0,"online_url":"","online_resources":null,"translation_of":"0","new_edition_of":"0","is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":"","doi_url":" https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/UPO9781844654642","book":{"id":5370,"pubplace":"","publisher":"Acumen Publishing","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"persons":[{"id":6222,"entry_id":5370,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"},"free_name":"Graham Oppy","free_first_name":"Graham","free_last_name":"Oppy","norm_person":null}]}},"article":null},"sort":["Averroes (Ibn Rushd)"]}
| Title | Averroes, Philosopher of Islam |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2019 |
| Published in | Interpreting Averroes. Critical Essays |
| Pages | 9–26 |
| Categories | Biography, al-Ġazālī |
| Author(s) | Matteo Di Giovanni |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The opening chapter of the book situates Averroes' project within the intellectual context of medieval Islamic Spain, arguing that Averroes' project of writing commentaries on Aristotle was in part a response to the provocations of Muslim theologians and especially Ghazali. Even some of his most notorious philosophical positions, for instance on the unity of the human intellect and the eternity of the world, can be better understood within this context. |
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| Title | Averroes. contexto político-cultural. Estado de la cuestión |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | Spanish |
| Date | 1996 |
| Published in | Alarcos 1195. Al-Arak 592. Actas del Congreso Internacional Conmemorativo de VIII Centenario de la Batalla de Alarcos |
| Pages | 625–630 |
| Categories | Biography, Politics |
| Author(s) | P. Mangada Cañas |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Averroes: 1126-1198 |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2018 |
| Published in | Great Muslims of the West: Makers of Western Islam |
| Pages | 82-89 |
| Categories | Biography |
| Author(s) | Muhammad Mojlum Khan |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Averroès dans son temps |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2005 |
| Published in | Averroès et l'averroïsme (XIIe-XVe siècle). Un itinéraire historique du Haut Atlas à Paris et à Padue. Actes du colloque international organisé à Lyon, les 4 et 5 octobre 1999 dans le cadre du "Temps du Maroc" |
| Pages | 13–26 |
| Categories | Biography |
| Author(s) | Guichard Pierre |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Crise de la pensée sous les Nasrides |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2002 |
| Published in | Averroes (1126–1198) oder der Triumph des Rationalismus. Internationales Symposium anlässlich des 800. Todestages des islamischen Philosophen. Heidelberg, 7.-11. Oktober 1998 |
| Pages | 213–219 |
| Categories | Biography |
| Author(s) | H. Trabelsi |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | El ambiente social de al-Andalus en la época de Averroes |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | Spanish |
| Date | 1999 |
| Published in | Averroes y los averroísmos. Actas del III Congreso nacional de filosofía medieval |
| Pages | 145–161 |
| Categories | Biography |
| Author(s) | José Luis Corral Lafuente |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 1126-1198 CE |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2001 |
| Published in | Fifty Eastern thinkers |
| Pages | 43-50 |
| Categories | Biography, Surveys |
| Author(s) | Diane Collinson |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Ibn Rushd et le pouvoir almohade |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2005 |
| Published in | Averroès et l'averroïsme (XIIe-XVe siècle). Un itinéraire historique du Haut Atlas à Paris et à Padue. Actes du colloque international organisé à Lyon, les 4 et 5 octobre 1999 dans le cadre du "Temps du Maroc" |
| Pages | 121–130 |
| Categories | Biography |
| Author(s) | Dominique Urvoy |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Ibn Rushd, Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Hafīd (Averroes) |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2011 |
| Published in | Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy. Philosophy between 500 and 1500 |
| Pages | 494–501 |
| Categories | Biography, Surveys, Logic, Psychology, Cosmology, Metaphysics |
| Author(s) | Taneli Kukkonen |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Averroes (1126–1198 CE) was the most famous and prolific commentator on Aristotle in all of medieval philosophy: 38 works are extant, at all levels of instruction. This concentration on Aristotle was not happenstance, instead, it reflects Averroes’ maturing philosophical outlook. For Averroes, Aristotle’s teaching came to represent the pinnacle of philosophical wisdom, and answers to all the most pressing problems in philosophy were to be found in a thorough and careful exploration of what that teaching truly implied. In the course of Averroes’ deepening investigations into Aristotelian lore, alternative interpretations were advanced and different traditions of thinking carefully laid side by side, producing a field guide to the Peripatetic tradition, as it was known to an Arabic scholar of the classical period. The resulting body of texts represents a high watermark in Aristotelian synthesis and systematization, even if Averroes failed in the end to resolve satisfactorily all the problems that had accumulated over the centuries. In addition to his Aristotelian Commentaries, Explications, and Compendia (which, besides Aristotle, encompassed works by Plato, Galen, Ptolemy, and al-Ġazālī), Averroes wrote smaller, independent essays and questions that explored contested issues in Aristotelian teaching; polemical works that argued the religious innocence and intellectual respectability of Peripatetic philosophy, correctly understood; and medical and legal treatises of solid but unspectacular standing. Averroes’ reputation was made in Latin Scholasticism and in Jewish circles of learning, while in the Arabic world his works fell mostly by the wayside. Today, his name is evoked in the Arabic world as a rallying-point for a rationalist Islam – a fitting legacy, if not always especially well grounded (modern-day Averroists displaying at best a cursory knowledge of the Commentator’s philosophy). |
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