| Now in its 2nd edition, this textbook describes and interprets all schools of Islamic political thought, their origins, inter-connections and meaning. It examines the Qur'an, the early Caliphate, classical Islamic philosophy and the political culture of the Ottoman and other empires. It covers major thinkers such as Averroes (Ibn Rushd) and Ibn Taymiyya as well as a number of lesser authors, and Ibn Khaldun is presented as one of the most original political theorists ever. It draws on a wide range of sources including writings on religion, law, philosophy and statecraft expressed in treatises, handbooks and political rhetoric. The new edition analyses the connections between religion and politics, covering the most recent developments in Islamic political thought and the most recent historical scholarship. It ends with a critical survey of reformism (or modernism) and Islamism (or fundamentalism) from the late-19th century up to the present day. |
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| Title | La filosofía explica la revelación sobre el “Averroismo politico” en el Defensor pacis de Marsilio de Padua |
| Type | Article |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Date | 2011 |
| Journal | Educão e Filosofia Uberlândia |
| Volume | 25 |
| Issue | 50 |
| Pages | 475–500 |
| Categories | Averroism, Politics |
| Author(s) | Francisco Bertelloni |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Bruno Nardi fue el primero que tipificó el pensamiento de Marsilio de Padua como “averroismo político”. Sin embargo la edad media no tuvo acceso a la filosofía política de Averroes. Por ello es improbable que Nardi haya fundamentado la utilización de esa categoría teniendo en cuenta las ideas políticas de Averroes y de Marsilio. El artículo muestra que, en todo caso, Marsilio podría ser llamado “averroista político” teniendo en cuenta, no su pensamiento político, sino sus ideas filosóficas y, en especial, las actitudes metodológicas referidas a la relación Fe-Razón que manifiesta en su Defensor Pacis. A partir de Nardi el “averroismo político” se transformó en una categoría controvertida que condujo a una polémica acerca de la existencia o no de una corriente similar en el pensamiento político medieval. De hecho, en numerosos pasajes del Defensor pacis aparece la distinción Fe-razón utilizada en favor de un predominio de una actitud metodológica racionalista. Con todo, el racionalismo de Marsilio es fluctuante. Por ejemplo, cuando explica el nacimiento de la civitas, en lugar de demostrarlo a partir del concepto filosófico de natura, atribuye ese nacimiento al pecado original. Ese uso de la historia de la salvación y de la teología parece poner en duda el racionalismo extremo de Marsilio. El artículo propone responder tres preguntas: a) si Marsilio pone límites a la revelación en el Defensor Pacis; b) cuál es el alcance de ese límite; c) si ese límite que Marsilio pone a la Revelación puede ser considerado como una influencia averroista sobre el paduano. |
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| Title | Aristotle’s Rhetoric and Political Thought in the Christian Orient and in al-Fârâbî, Avicenna and Averroes |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2011 |
| Published in | Well Begun is Only Half Done: Tracing Aristotle’s Political Ideas in Medieval Arabic, Syriac, Byzantine, and Jewish Sources |
| Pages | 17–47 |
| Categories | Rhetoric, Politics, al-Fārābī, Avicenna, Aristotle |
| Author(s) | John W. Watt |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| see also the Chapter under the same title in John W. Watt "The Aristotelian Tradition in Syriac". |
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| Title | Well Begun is Only Half Done: Tracing Aristotle’s Political Ideas in Medieval Arabic, Syriac, Byzantine, and Jewish Sources |
| Type | Edited Book |
| Language | undefined |
| Date | 2011 |
| Publication Place | Tempe, Arizona |
| Publisher | ACMRS (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies) |
| Series | Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies; Medieval Confluences Series |
| Volume | 388 respectively 1 |
| Categories | Aristotle, Politics, Tradition and Reception |
| Author(s) | Vasileios Syros |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Platão, Al-Fārābī e Averróis: as qualidades essenciais ao governante |
| Type | Article |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Date | 2011 |
| Journal | Trans/Form/Ação. Revista de Filosofia da UNESP |
| Volume | 34 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 1–20 |
| Categories | al-Fārābī, Plato, Politics |
| Author(s) | Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The political philosophy that developed in the Islamic world between the 9th and 12th centuries assumed ideas from Greek philosophy, mainly from Plato and Aristotle. Plato's Republic and Laws, and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics were the texts that laid the foundation for the political conceptions of the Arab philosophers, from the virtues to be sought after individually, to the idea of the best political regime. Based on the Greek texts translated into Arabic, these philosophers outlined the aims of political life, and the manner in which the political regime should be structured to achieve these aims. The ideal Platonic city is the paradigm to be realized. The topic of the ruler's essential qualities is part of a long tradition which remounts to the "mirrors of the princes" of Persian origin; it also appears in the Religious tradition and in the Islamic law. Two great exponents of the Arab-islamic philosophy, Al-Fârâbî and Averroes, retrieved the topic of the ruler's essential qualities of the king-philosopher uttered in the Republic, and adapted it to their historical universe. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"1767","_score":null,"_source":{"id":1767,"authors_free":[{"id":2039,"entry_id":1767,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1347,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira","free_first_name":"Rosalie Helena","free_last_name":"de Souza Pereira","norm_person":{"id":1347,"first_name":"Rosalie Helena","last_name":"de Souza Pereira","full_name":"Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"","viaf_url":"http:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/121640755","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira"}}],"entry_title":"Plat\u00e3o, Al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b e Averr\u00f3is: as qualidades essenciais ao governante","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Plat\u00e3o, Al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b e Averr\u00f3is: as qualidades essenciais ao governante"},"abstract":"The political philosophy that developed in the Islamic world between the 9th and 12th centuries assumed ideas from Greek philosophy, mainly from Plato and Aristotle. Plato's Republic and Laws, and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics were the texts that laid the foundation for the political conceptions of the Arab philosophers, from the virtues to be sought after individually, to the idea of the best political regime. Based on the Greek texts translated into Arabic, these philosophers outlined the aims of political life, and the manner in which the political regime should be structured to achieve these aims. The ideal Platonic city is the paradigm to be realized. The topic of the ruler's essential qualities is part of a long tradition which remounts to the \"mirrors of the princes\" of Persian origin; it also appears in the Religious tradition and in the Islamic law. Two great exponents of the Arab-islamic philosophy, Al-F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee and Averroes, retrieved the topic of the ruler's essential qualities of the king-philosopher uttered in the Republic, and adapted it to their historical universe.","btype":3,"date":"2011","language":"Portuguese","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0101-31732011000100002 ","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":28,"category_name":"al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b"},{"id":20,"category_name":"Plato","link":"bib?categories[]=Plato"},{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"}],"authors":[{"id":1347,"full_name":"Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":1767,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Trans\/Form\/A\u00e7\u00e3o. Revista de Filosofia da UNESP","volume":"34","issue":"1","pages":"1\u201320"}},"sort":[2011]}
| Title | Medieval Political Philosophy: A Sourcebook |
| Type | Edited Book |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2011 |
| Publication Place | Ithaca & London |
| Publisher | Cornell University Press |
| Series | Agora |
| Edition No. | 2 (1st Ed. by Ralph Lerner & Muhsin Mahdi) |
| Categories | Surveys, Politics |
| Author(s) | Joshua Parens , Joseph C. Macfarland |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | تلخيص السياسة لأفلاطون [نص مطبوع] : محاورة الجمهورية طبعة جديدة مزيدة ومنقحة |
| Transcription | talkhīṣ al-sīasah li-Aflāṭūn [baṣṣ maṭbūʻ]: muḥāwarah ṭabiʻh jadīdah mazīdah wa munaqqaḥah |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | Arabic |
| Date | 2011 |
| Publication Place | Damaskus |
| Publisher | dār al-farqad |
| Categories | Plato, Politics |
| Author(s) | Averroes |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) | Hassan Majīd Al-'UIbaidi |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5393","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5393,"authors_free":[{"id":6250,"entry_id":5393,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":3,"role_name":"translator"},"free_name":"Hassan Maj\u012bd Al-'UIbaidi","free_first_name":"Hassan Maj\u012bd ","free_last_name":"Al-'UIbaidi","norm_person":null},{"id":6251,"entry_id":5393,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":85,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Averroes","free_first_name":"","free_last_name":"","norm_person":{"id":85,"first_name":"","last_name":"","full_name":"Averroes","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/118505238","viaf_url":"http:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/19688718","db_url":"https:\/\/www.deutsche-biographie.de\/gnd118505238.html","from_claudius":0,"link":"bib?authors[]=Averroes"}}],"entry_title":"\u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0646 [\u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639] : \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0642\u062d\u0629","title_transcript":"talkh\u012b\u1e63 al-s\u012basah li-Afl\u0101\u1e6d\u016bn [ba\u1e63\u1e63 ma\u1e6db\u016b\u02bb]: mu\u1e25\u0101warah \u1e6dabi\u02bbh jad\u012bdah maz\u012bdah wa munaqqa\u1e25ah","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"\u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0646 [\u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639] : \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0642\u062d\u0629"},"abstract":"","btype":1,"date":"2011","language":"Arabic","online_url":"","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":20,"category_name":"Plato","link":"bib?categories[]=Plato"},{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"}],"authors":[{"id":85,"full_name":"Averroes","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":{"id":5393,"pubplace":"Damaskus","publisher":"d\u0101r al-farqad","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"booksection":null,"article":null},"sort":[2011]}
| Title | El pensamiento politico en la Edad Media |
| Type | Edited Book |
| Language | Spanish |
| Date | 2010 |
| Publication Place | Madrid |
| Publisher | Fundación Ramón Areces |
| Categories | Politics |
| Author(s) | Pedro Roche Arnas |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5326","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5326,"authors_free":[{"id":6159,"entry_id":5326,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":903,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"},"free_name":"Pedro Roche Arnas","free_first_name":"Pedro","free_last_name":"Roche Arnas","norm_person":{"id":903,"first_name":"","last_name":"","full_name":"","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]="}}],"entry_title":"El pensamiento politico en la Edad Media","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"El pensamiento politico en la Edad Media"},"abstract":"","btype":4,"date":"2010","language":"Spanish","online_url":"","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"}],"authors":[{"id":903,"full_name":"","role":2}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":{"id":5326,"pubplace":"Madrid","publisher":"Fundaci\u00f3n Ram\u00f3n Areces","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"booksection":null,"article":null},"sort":[2010]}
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| Muhammad founded a World-State as well as a faith; as Islam spread from its first centres, Muslim political thinkers had to apply the divinely revealed law of the Prophet to new circumstances. They had to relate new realities of power and authority to the ideal constitution which he had laid down and which his immediate successors had elaborated. Against this background Dr Rosenthal discusses the later Muslim philosophers who were influenced by the political thought of Plato and Aristotle. He shows how Greek thought modified the Islamic and yet was always subordinated to Muslim categories of thought and political needs. Dr Rosenthal thus surveys the chief traditions of Islamic political thought from the eighth to the end of the fifteenth centuries. He emphasises the basic unity given by the shared faith of the writers, without diminishing the individuality of each. Orientalists will welcome the book; so will historians of the medieval West, for it shows them the religious, political and intellectual positions underlying the expansion of Islam. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5334","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5334,"authors_free":[{"id":6180,"entry_id":5334,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"},"free_name":"Erwin I. J. Rosenthal","free_first_name":"Erwin I. J. Rosenthal","free_last_name":"Erwin I. J. Rosenthal","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"Political thought in medieval Islam","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Political thought in medieval Islam"},"abstract":"Muhammad founded a World-State as well as a faith; as Islam spread from its first centres, Muslim political thinkers had to apply the divinely revealed law of the Prophet to new circumstances. They had to relate new realities of power and authority to the ideal constitution which he had laid down and which his immediate successors had elaborated. Against this background Dr Rosenthal discusses the later Muslim philosophers who were influenced by the political thought of Plato and Aristotle. He shows how Greek thought modified the Islamic and yet was always subordinated to Muslim categories of thought and political needs. Dr Rosenthal thus surveys the chief traditions of Islamic political thought from the eighth to the end of the fifteenth centuries. He emphasises the basic unity given by the shared faith of the writers, without diminishing the individuality of each. Orientalists will welcome the book; so will historians of the medieval West, for it shows them the religious, political and intellectual positions underlying the expansion of Islam.","btype":4,"date":"2009","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":" https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511735332","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"},{"id":18,"category_name":"Surveys","link":"bib?categories[]=Surveys"},{"id":26,"category_name":"Law","link":"bib?categories[]=Law"}],"authors":[],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":{"id":5334,"pubplace":"Cambridge [u.a.] ","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"Reprinted 1962","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"booksection":null,"article":null},"sort":[2009]}
| Title | Natural Perfection or Divine Fiat |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2022 |
| Published in | Plato's Republic in the Islamic Context. New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary |
| Pages | 233–252 |
| Categories | Nicomachean ethics, Politics, Tradition and Reception |
| Author(s) | Joshua Parens |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| As a reader of Averroes's Commentary on Plato's “Republic,” one is struck from the beginning by how much he omits from his commentary. Typically, this would be taken to indicate that Averroes does not comprehend Plato's intention. Indeed, the author can seem at times to confirm what many readers assume—namely, that he would rather have commented on a work by Aristotle. We will try to show that his major omissions—that is, of books 1, (most of ) 6, and 10, and especially what he substitutes for these omissions—form a coherent pattern and ultimately reveal a profound commentary on the omitted passages. That coherent pattern is already set within the first few pages of the work. From the beginning he seems to focus on the place of the Republic in relation to practical science and theoretical science. This comes as little surprise in a commentary on a work devoted to what I would like to call the philosopher-king conceit. The Republic is at least in part Plato's consideration of the relation between theoretical and practical science, as encapsulated in the person of the philosopher-king. Although Socrates does not get around to the centrality of this theme until Republic book 5, Averroes is on it from the beginning. He does so in part in order to place his discussion of the Republic in relation to his commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics—putatively the more theoretical of the two works. Be that as it may, we are most interested in what ties together the omissions of books 1, 6, and 10—and especially what Averroes substitutes for those omissions. We hope to show that the golden thread running through what Averroes substitutes is the theme of human perfection, in at least two senses: the philosopher-king and immortality. In each case, there is some element in Plato's original that Averroes needs to take into another register (from conventionalism in book 1 to fiat transplanted into the Second Treatise; from separate forms in book 6 to the active intellect in the Second Treatise; and from immortality of the soul in book 10 to conjunction with the active intellect in the Second Treatise). In effect, all these omissions are drawn together in the Second Treatise. For that reason, eventually, we will comment more closely on the most relevant section of the Second Treatise (60.17–74.12). |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5357","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5357,"authors_free":[{"id":6208,"entry_id":5357,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1783,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Joshua Parens","free_first_name":"Joshua","free_last_name":" Parens","norm_person":{"id":1783,"first_name":"Joshua","last_name":"Parens","full_name":"Joshua Parens","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/172958881","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null,"link":"bib?authors[]=Joshua Parens"}}],"entry_title":"Natural Perfection or Divine Fiat","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Natural Perfection or Divine Fiat"},"abstract":"As a reader of Averroes's Commentary on Plato's \u201cRepublic,\u201d one is struck from the beginning by how much he omits from his commentary. Typically, this would be taken to indicate that Averroes does not comprehend Plato's intention. Indeed, the author can seem at times to confirm what many readers assume\u2014namely, that he would rather have commented on a work by Aristotle. We will try to show that his major omissions\u2014that is, of books 1, (most of ) 6, and 10, and especially what he substitutes for these omissions\u2014form a coherent pattern and ultimately reveal a profound commentary on the omitted passages. That coherent pattern is already set within the first few pages of the work. From the beginning he seems to focus on the place of the Republic in relation to practical science and theoretical science. This comes as little surprise in a commentary on a work devoted to what I would like to call the philosopher-king conceit. The Republic is at least in part Plato's consideration of the relation between theoretical and practical science, as encapsulated in the person of the philosopher-king. Although Socrates does not get around to the centrality of this theme until Republic book 5, Averroes is on it from the beginning. He does so in part in order to place his discussion of the Republic in relation to his commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics\u2014putatively the more theoretical of the two works. Be that as it may, we are most interested in what ties together the omissions of books 1, 6, and 10\u2014and especially what Averroes substitutes for those omissions. We hope to show that the golden thread running through what Averroes substitutes is the theme of human perfection, in at least two senses: the philosopher-king and immortality. In each case, there is some element in Plato's original that Averroes needs to take into another register (from conventionalism in book 1 to fiat transplanted into the Second Treatise; from separate forms in book 6 to the active intellect in the Second Treatise; and from immortality of the soul in book 10 to conjunction with the active intellect in the Second Treatise). In effect, all these omissions are drawn together in the Second Treatise. For that reason, eventually, we will comment more closely on the most relevant section of the Second Treatise (60.17\u201374.12).","btype":2,"date":"2022","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781800104983.012","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":70,"category_name":"Nicomachean ethics","link":"bib?categories[]=Nicomachean ethics"},{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"},{"id":43,"category_name":"Tradition and Reception","link":"bib?categories[]=Tradition and Reception"}],"authors":[{"id":1783,"full_name":"Joshua Parens","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":5357,"section_of":5346,"pages":"233\u2013252","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":5346,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"bibliography","type":4,"language":"en","title":"Plato's Republic in the Islamic Context. New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2022","edition_no":null,"free_date":null,"abstract":"","republication_of":0,"online_url":"","online_resources":null,"translation_of":"0","new_edition_of":"0","is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781800104983","book":{"id":5346,"pubplace":"","publisher":" Boydell & Brewer","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"persons":[{"id":6196,"entry_id":5346,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"},"free_name":" Alexander Orwin","free_first_name":" Alexander","free_last_name":" Orwin","norm_person":null}]}},"article":null},"sort":["Natural Perfection or Divine Fiat"]}
| Title | Notes on Averroes’s Political Teaching |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2022 |
| Published in | Plato's Republic in the Islamic Context. New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary |
| Pages | 133–159 |
| Categories | Politics, Transmission |
| Author(s) | Shlomo Pines , Alexander Orwin |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The original Hebrew was published in Iyyun: The Jerusalem Philosophical Quarterly 8 (April 1957): 65–84. A complete English translation follows. No commentary on the Politics can be counted among Averroes's commentaries on Aristotle's works. The Arab philosopher recognized, at a certain point, this deficiency. He thought at first that Aristotle's political teaching was contained at the end of the Nicomachean Ethics, until the existence of this other book become known to him. But here is this problem: the Politics never reached the western regions of Islam. Was it never translated into Arabic in the Middle Ages? There is some evidence for this assumption, although the question still remains open. Having no other option, Averroes composed a commentary or, more correctly, a summary with some additional remarks on Plato's Republic. It appears, as Rosenthal has shown, that Averroes was influenced in his efforts by an abridged paraphrase of that book, a work of Galen that has not come down to us. But he also pursued his commentary in the tradition of Alfarabi, on whom the political books of Plato had a decisive influence. In the text under discussion. Averroes draws from the writings of Alfarabi, and even quotes them on occasion. The Arabic original of Averroes's Commentary on Plato's “Republic” has not been preserved. A Hebrew translation of it has, however, come down to us, from the pen of Samuel ben Judah of Marseilles, who reviewed his translation and revised it twice between the years 1320 and 1322. So has a Latin translation made in 1539 on the basis of the Hebrew translation. This last translation, the work of Jacob Mantino, a Jewish doctor from Tortosa, was printed in Venice among the writings of Aristotle in 1550. It is, however, a rather free translation that should be trusted only to a very limited degree. Rosenthal has therefore performed a great service in bringing before an audience of those interested in medieval thought one of the most important texts belonging to the field of political philosophy. The agreeable result includes, in addition to the Hebrew text, a translation of that text into English, an introduction, and notes, several of which are of fundamental significance. The Hebrew manuscripts are full of challenges, and it is E. Rosenthal's great achievement to have managed, through many years of diligent work, to overcome most of the difficulties lurking in this text. |
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A complete English translation follows.\r\n\r\nNo commentary on the Politics can be counted among Averroes's commentaries on Aristotle's works. The Arab philosopher recognized, at a certain point, this deficiency. He thought at first that Aristotle's political teaching was contained at the end of the Nicomachean Ethics, until the existence of this other book become known to him. But here is this problem: the Politics never reached the western regions of Islam. Was it never translated into Arabic in the Middle Ages? There is some evidence for this assumption, although the question still remains open.\r\n\r\nHaving no other option, Averroes composed a commentary or, more correctly, a summary with some additional remarks on Plato's Republic. It appears, as Rosenthal has shown, that Averroes was influenced in his efforts by an abridged paraphrase of that book, a work of Galen that has not come down to us. But he also pursued his commentary in the tradition of Alfarabi, on whom the political books of Plato had a decisive influence. In the text under discussion. Averroes draws from the writings of Alfarabi, and even quotes them on occasion.\r\n\r\nThe Arabic original of Averroes's Commentary on Plato's \u201cRepublic\u201d has not been preserved. A Hebrew translation of it has, however, come down to us, from the pen of Samuel ben Judah of Marseilles, who reviewed his translation and revised it twice between the years 1320 and 1322. So has a Latin translation made in 1539 on the basis of the Hebrew translation. This last translation, the work of Jacob Mantino, a Jewish doctor from Tortosa, was printed in Venice among the writings of Aristotle in 1550. It is, however, a rather free translation that should be trusted only to a very limited degree. Rosenthal has therefore performed a great service in bringing before an audience of those interested in medieval thought one of the most important texts belonging to the field of political philosophy. The agreeable result includes, in addition to the Hebrew text, a translation of that text into English, an introduction, and notes, several of which are of fundamental significance.\r\n\r\nThe Hebrew manuscripts are full of challenges, and it is E. Rosenthal's great achievement to have managed, through many years of diligent work, to overcome most of the difficulties lurking in this text.","btype":2,"date":"2022","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781800104983.007","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"},{"id":40,"category_name":"Transmission","link":"bib?categories[]=Transmission"}],"authors":[{"id":840,"full_name":"Shlomo Pines","role":1},{"id":1790,"full_name":" Alexander Orwin","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":5352,"section_of":5346,"pages":"133\u2013159","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":5346,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"bibliography","type":4,"language":"en","title":"Plato's Republic in the Islamic Context. New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2022","edition_no":null,"free_date":null,"abstract":"","republication_of":0,"online_url":"","online_resources":null,"translation_of":"0","new_edition_of":"0","is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781800104983","book":{"id":5346,"pubplace":"","publisher":" Boydell & Brewer","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"persons":[{"id":6196,"entry_id":5346,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"},"free_name":" Alexander Orwin","free_first_name":" Alexander","free_last_name":" Orwin","norm_person":null}]}},"article":null},"sort":["Notes on Averroes\u2019s Political Teaching"]}
| Title | On Natural Right and Other Unwritten Guides to Political Well-Being |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2006 |
| Journal | The Good Society |
| Volume | 15 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 53-55 |
| Categories | Law, Politics |
| Author(s) | Charles E. Butterworth |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Online Access | https://www.jstor.org/stable/25702820 |
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| Title | On the Idea of Potency: Juridical and Theological Roots of the Western Cultural Tradition |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2016 |
| Publication Place | Edinburgh |
| Publisher | Edinburgh University Press |
| Series | Encounters in Law & Philosophy: ELP |
| Categories | Law, Surveys, Metaphysics, Politics |
| Author(s) | Emanuele Castrucci |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| A critique of the metaphysical concept of power and potency in the history of Western jurisprudence Sweeping through the history of Western philosophy of law, Emanuele Castrucci deals with the metaphysical idea of potency as defined by Spinoza and Nietzsche, upsetting entrenched theories of jurisprudence. Castrucci first addresses how the idea of potency can change the meaning of the power ascribed to an omnipotent God. This brings together classical Greek philosophy with Jewish biblical exegesis, which Castrucci links through the juncture of Christianity. He then relates potency to the classical philosophical tradition in Aristotle's Metaphysics and its Arabic interpretations, particularly Ibn Rushd's (Averroës). This leads us to the genesis of natural law theory in Western philosophy, from Augustine to Aquinas and from Duns Scotus to Ockham. Moving on, Castrucci examines the inherently problematic concept of political theology, pitting Spinozan–Nietzschean potency against Kant and Enlightenment natural law to reveal the weaknesses inherent in the Enlightenment system. Finally, Castrucci applies the theories of Carl Schmitt to the philosophical rationalism of the Western tradition, showing us how it has failed to contain absolute power in a juridical sense. |
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| Title | Philosopher-Kings and Counselors: How Should Philosophers Participate in Politics? |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2022 |
| Published in | Plato's Republic in the Islamic Context. New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary |
| Pages | 253–274 |
| Categories | Politics, Tradition and Reception |
| Author(s) | Alexander Orwin |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The most famous, or infamous, proposal in Plato's Republic concerns the rule of philosopher-kings. Throughout the long history of the philosophical reception of Plato, this theme has been explored, restated, and rejected in countless ways. One of the most original treatments of it comes from the Andalusian philosopher Averroes, in his Commentary on Plato's “Republic.” The title of this inventive work must not be construed too narrowly. On every major theme in the Republic, Averroes deviates, either by omission, addition, or editorial commentary, from Plato. His treatment of the philosopher-kings will make use of all these techniques. Before turning to this topic, I wish to make some general remarks about the work as a whole. Averroes announces his departure from Plato in the first sentence of the work, with the somewhat cryptic promise to remove all dialectical arguments from the Republic while preserving the demonstrative arguments (CR 21.4). Dialectic is associated, etymologically and semantically, with dialogue. Sure enough, Averroes expunges not only the dialogue form of the original but also its principal characters. This choice should not simply be attributed to ignorance: even if we were to assume that Averroes had only a summary of the original, he would surely have known of the existence of the characters Socrates and Thrasymachus through Alfarabi. In fact, Averroes himself mentions Thrasymachus and his arguments about justice in his Middle Commentary on the Topics. The form with which Averroes replaces the dialogue can hardly be described as a straightforward treatise. Averroes attributes the arguments he presents to a variety of sources, as indicated by expressions such as “we said,” and “Plato said.” In addition, Alfarabi and Aristotle are often cited, paraphrased, or even plagiarized, in what is ostensibly a commentary on Plato. This implies a dialogue of sorts between not only Averroes and Plato, but Aristotle and Alfarabi as well. One is tempted to say that the discussions between Socrates, an aged father, a sophist, and several young Greeks is replaced by a discussion between four great political philosophers across the ages, orchestrated by the latest representative of this august group. On this point, it is useful to recall Leo Strauss's observation, that no Platonic dialogue relates a discussion among equals. If dialectic involves a superior person such as Socrates leading less accomplished interlocutors by the hand, then Averroes's new, demonstrative form consists of a dialogue between equals to whom historical accident never granted the opportunity for a face-to-face meeting. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5358","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5358,"authors_free":[{"id":6209,"entry_id":5358,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1790,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Alexander Orwin","free_first_name":"Alexander ","free_last_name":"Orwin","norm_person":{"id":1790,"first_name":" Alexander","last_name":" Orwin","full_name":" Alexander Orwin","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/1153328348","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null,"link":"bib?authors[]= Alexander Orwin"}}],"entry_title":"Philosopher-Kings and Counselors: How Should Philosophers Participate in Politics?","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Philosopher-Kings and Counselors: How Should Philosophers Participate in Politics?"},"abstract":"The most famous, or infamous, proposal in Plato's Republic concerns the rule of philosopher-kings. Throughout the long history of the philosophical reception of Plato, this theme has been explored, restated, and rejected in countless ways. One of the most original treatments of it comes from the Andalusian philosopher Averroes, in his Commentary on Plato's \u201cRepublic.\u201d The title of this inventive work must not be construed too narrowly. On every major theme in the Republic, Averroes deviates, either by omission, addition, or editorial commentary, from Plato. His treatment of the philosopher-kings will make use of all these techniques. Before turning to this topic, I wish to make some general remarks about the work as a whole.\r\n\r\nAverroes announces his departure from Plato in the first sentence of the work, with the somewhat cryptic promise to remove all dialectical arguments from the Republic while preserving the demonstrative arguments (CR 21.4). Dialectic is associated, etymologically and semantically, with dialogue. Sure enough, Averroes expunges not only the dialogue form of the original but also its principal characters. This choice should not simply be attributed to ignorance: even if we were to assume that Averroes had only a summary of the original, he would surely have known of the existence of the characters Socrates and Thrasymachus through Alfarabi. In fact, Averroes himself mentions Thrasymachus and his arguments about justice in his Middle Commentary on the Topics.\r\n\r\nThe form with which Averroes replaces the dialogue can hardly be described as a straightforward treatise. Averroes attributes the arguments he presents to a variety of sources, as indicated by expressions such as \u201cwe said,\u201d and \u201cPlato said.\u201d In addition, Alfarabi and Aristotle are often cited, paraphrased, or even plagiarized, in what is ostensibly a commentary on Plato. This implies a dialogue of sorts between not only Averroes and Plato, but Aristotle and Alfarabi as well. One is tempted to say that the discussions between Socrates, an aged father, a sophist, and several young Greeks is replaced by a discussion between four great political philosophers across the ages, orchestrated by the latest representative of this august group. On this point, it is useful to recall Leo Strauss's observation, that no Platonic dialogue relates a discussion among equals. If dialectic involves a superior person such as Socrates leading less accomplished interlocutors by the hand, then Averroes's new, demonstrative form consists of a dialogue between equals to whom historical accident never granted the opportunity for a face-to-face meeting.","btype":2,"date":"2022","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781800104983.013","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"},{"id":43,"category_name":"Tradition and Reception","link":"bib?categories[]=Tradition and Reception"}],"authors":[{"id":1790,"full_name":" Alexander Orwin","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":5358,"section_of":5346,"pages":"253\u2013274","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":5346,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"bibliography","type":4,"language":"en","title":"Plato's Republic in the Islamic Context. New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2022","edition_no":null,"free_date":null,"abstract":"","republication_of":0,"online_url":"","online_resources":null,"translation_of":"0","new_edition_of":"0","is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781800104983","book":{"id":5346,"pubplace":"","publisher":" Boydell & Brewer","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"persons":[{"id":6196,"entry_id":5346,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"},"free_name":" Alexander Orwin","free_first_name":" Alexander","free_last_name":" Orwin","norm_person":null}]}},"article":null},"sort":["Philosopher-Kings and Counselors: How Should Philosophers Participate in Politics?"]}
| Welnak comments on “Wisdom and Power in Averroes’ Commentary on Plato’s Republic,” The Maghreb Review, 40.3 (2015): 308-318 by Colmo |
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| Title | Philosophy and Religion in the Political Thought of Alfarabi |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2023 |
| Journal | Religions |
| Volume | 14 |
| Issue | 7 |
| Pages | 908-917 |
| Categories | Relation between Philosophy and Theology, al-Fārābī, Politics |
| Author(s) | Ishraq Ali |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Philosophy and religion were the two important sources of knowledge for medieval Arab Muslim polymaths. Owing to the difference between the nature of philosophy and religion, the interplay between philosophy and religion often takes the form of conflict in medieval Muslim thought as exemplified by the Al-Ghazali versus Averroes (Ibn Rusd) polemic. Unlike the Al-Ghazali versus Averroes (Ibn Rushd) polemic, the interplay between philosophy and religion in the political philosophy of Abu Nasr Alfarabi takes the form of harmonious co-existence. Although, for Alfarabi, religion is an inferior form of knowledge as compared to philosophy, the present article will show that philosophy and religion play equally significant roles in Alfarabi’s virtuous city and that in the absence of either philosophy or religion, the political system proposed by Alfarabi cannot exist. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5800","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5800,"authors_free":[{"id":6721,"entry_id":5800,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Ishraq Ali","free_first_name":"Ishraq ","free_last_name":"Ali","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"Philosophy and Religion in the Political Thought of Alfarabi","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Philosophy and Religion in the Political Thought of Alfarabi"},"abstract":"Philosophy and religion were the two important sources of knowledge for medieval Arab\r\nMuslim polymaths. Owing to the difference between the nature of philosophy and religion, the interplay between philosophy and religion often takes the form of conflict in medieval Muslim thought as exemplified by the Al-Ghazali versus Averroes (Ibn Rusd) polemic. Unlike the Al-Ghazali versus Averroes (Ibn Rushd) polemic, the interplay between philosophy and religion in the political philosophy of Abu Nasr Alfarabi takes the form of harmonious co-existence. Although, for Alfarabi, religion is an inferior form of knowledge as compared to philosophy, the present article will show that philosophy and religion play equally significant roles in Alfarabi\u2019s virtuous city and that in the absence of either philosophy or religion, the political system proposed by Alfarabi cannot exist.","btype":3,"date":"2023","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":" https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rel14070908","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":47,"category_name":"Relation between Philosophy and Theology","link":"bib?categories[]=Relation between Philosophy and Theology"},{"id":28,"category_name":"al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b"},{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"}],"authors":[],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5800,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Religions","volume":"14","issue":"7","pages":"908-917"}},"sort":["Philosophy and Religion in the Political Thought of Alfarabi"]}
| Title | Plato's Republic in the Islamic Context. New Perspectives on Averroes's Commentary |
| Type | Edited Book |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2022 |
| Publisher | Boydell & Brewer |
| Categories | al-Fārābī, Ibn Bāǧǧa, Logic, Theology, Politics, Tradition and Reception |
| Author(s) | Alexander Orwin |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Platão, Al-Fārābī e Averróis: as qualidades essenciais ao governante |
| Type | Article |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Date | 2011 |
| Journal | Trans/Form/Ação. Revista de Filosofia da UNESP |
| Volume | 34 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 1–20 |
| Categories | al-Fārābī, Plato, Politics |
| Author(s) | Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The political philosophy that developed in the Islamic world between the 9th and 12th centuries assumed ideas from Greek philosophy, mainly from Plato and Aristotle. Plato's Republic and Laws, and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics were the texts that laid the foundation for the political conceptions of the Arab philosophers, from the virtues to be sought after individually, to the idea of the best political regime. Based on the Greek texts translated into Arabic, these philosophers outlined the aims of political life, and the manner in which the political regime should be structured to achieve these aims. The ideal Platonic city is the paradigm to be realized. The topic of the ruler's essential qualities is part of a long tradition which remounts to the "mirrors of the princes" of Persian origin; it also appears in the Religious tradition and in the Islamic law. Two great exponents of the Arab-islamic philosophy, Al-Fârâbî and Averroes, retrieved the topic of the ruler's essential qualities of the king-philosopher uttered in the Republic, and adapted it to their historical universe. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"1767","_score":null,"_source":{"id":1767,"authors_free":[{"id":2039,"entry_id":1767,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1347,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira","free_first_name":"Rosalie Helena","free_last_name":"de Souza Pereira","norm_person":{"id":1347,"first_name":"Rosalie Helena","last_name":"de Souza Pereira","full_name":"Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"","viaf_url":"http:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/121640755","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira"}}],"entry_title":"Plat\u00e3o, Al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b e Averr\u00f3is: as qualidades essenciais ao governante","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Plat\u00e3o, Al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b e Averr\u00f3is: as qualidades essenciais ao governante"},"abstract":"The political philosophy that developed in the Islamic world between the 9th and 12th centuries assumed ideas from Greek philosophy, mainly from Plato and Aristotle. Plato's Republic and Laws, and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics were the texts that laid the foundation for the political conceptions of the Arab philosophers, from the virtues to be sought after individually, to the idea of the best political regime. Based on the Greek texts translated into Arabic, these philosophers outlined the aims of political life, and the manner in which the political regime should be structured to achieve these aims. The ideal Platonic city is the paradigm to be realized. The topic of the ruler's essential qualities is part of a long tradition which remounts to the \"mirrors of the princes\" of Persian origin; it also appears in the Religious tradition and in the Islamic law. Two great exponents of the Arab-islamic philosophy, Al-F\u00e2r\u00e2b\u00ee and Averroes, retrieved the topic of the ruler's essential qualities of the king-philosopher uttered in the Republic, and adapted it to their historical universe.","btype":3,"date":"2011","language":"Portuguese","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0101-31732011000100002 ","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":28,"category_name":"al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b"},{"id":20,"category_name":"Plato","link":"bib?categories[]=Plato"},{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"}],"authors":[{"id":1347,"full_name":"Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":1767,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Trans\/Form\/A\u00e7\u00e3o. Revista de Filosofia da UNESP","volume":"34","issue":"1","pages":"1\u201320"}},"sort":["Plat\u00e3o, Al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b e Averr\u00f3is: as qualidades essenciais ao governante"]}
| Title | Polis und Madina. Averroes' Platon-Lektüre |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | German |
| Date | 2003 |
| Published in | Von Athen nach Baghdad. Zur Rezeption griechischer Philosophie von der Spätantike bis zum Islam |
| Pages | 76–91 |
| Categories | Politics |
| Author(s) | Friedrich Niewöhner |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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