| Title | Philosophy and Religion in the Political Thought of Alfarabi |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2023 |
| Journal | Religions |
| Volume | 14 |
| Issue | 7 |
| Pages | 908-917 |
| Categories | Relation between Philosophy and Theology, al-Fārābī, Politics |
| Author(s) | Ishraq Ali |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Philosophy and religion were the two important sources of knowledge for medieval Arab Muslim polymaths. Owing to the difference between the nature of philosophy and religion, the interplay between philosophy and religion often takes the form of conflict in medieval Muslim thought as exemplified by the Al-Ghazali versus Averroes (Ibn Rusd) polemic. Unlike the Al-Ghazali versus Averroes (Ibn Rushd) polemic, the interplay between philosophy and religion in the political philosophy of Abu Nasr Alfarabi takes the form of harmonious co-existence. Although, for Alfarabi, religion is an inferior form of knowledge as compared to philosophy, the present article will show that philosophy and religion play equally significant roles in Alfarabi’s virtuous city and that in the absence of either philosophy or religion, the political system proposed by Alfarabi cannot exist. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5800","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5800,"authors_free":[{"id":6721,"entry_id":5800,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Ishraq Ali","free_first_name":"Ishraq ","free_last_name":"Ali","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"Philosophy and Religion in the Political Thought of Alfarabi","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Philosophy and Religion in the Political Thought of Alfarabi"},"abstract":"Philosophy and religion were the two important sources of knowledge for medieval Arab\r\nMuslim polymaths. Owing to the difference between the nature of philosophy and religion, the interplay between philosophy and religion often takes the form of conflict in medieval Muslim thought as exemplified by the Al-Ghazali versus Averroes (Ibn Rusd) polemic. Unlike the Al-Ghazali versus Averroes (Ibn Rushd) polemic, the interplay between philosophy and religion in the political philosophy of Abu Nasr Alfarabi takes the form of harmonious co-existence. Although, for Alfarabi, religion is an inferior form of knowledge as compared to philosophy, the present article will show that philosophy and religion play equally significant roles in Alfarabi\u2019s virtuous city and that in the absence of either philosophy or religion, the political system proposed by Alfarabi cannot exist.","btype":3,"date":"2023","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":" https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rel14070908","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":47,"category_name":"Relation between Philosophy and Theology","link":"bib?categories[]=Relation between Philosophy and Theology"},{"id":28,"category_name":"al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b"},{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"}],"authors":[],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5800,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Religions","volume":"14","issue":"7","pages":"908-917"}},"sort":[2023]}
| Title | Warrior Women in Ibn Rushd’s Commentary on Plato’s Republic: Mythico-Barbarian Geography in the Case for Female Guardians, an Unsolved Passage |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2022 |
| Journal | Al Masaq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean |
| Volume | 34 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 314-335 |
| Categories | Commentary, Plato, Politics |
| Author(s) | Tineke Melkebeek |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| In his commentary on Plato’s Republic, Ibn Rushd (Averroes) discusses the case for female guardians. Besides following Socrates’s argument for female warriors, which cites the efficiency of female guard dogs, Ibn Rushd introduces an additional argument: that the female capacity for warfare is evident from the inhabitants of certain regions. Unfortunately, the precise formulation of the regions or groups he intends to mention is obscure in the existing manuscripts. Rosenthal translates “the inhabitants of deserts and frontier villages”, Lerner’s translation says “the inhabitants of deserts and the City of Women”. This article aims to analyse these and other translations of this enigmatic passage, which has not yet been the subject of study. Concerning the second region mentioned, it seems that Ibn Rushd could be indicating Northern Spain, but he might also have been alluding to the legendary places at the coldest margins of the then-known world. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5767","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5767,"authors_free":[{"id":6680,"entry_id":5767,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Tineke Melkebeek","free_first_name":"Tineke ","free_last_name":"Melkebeek","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"Warrior Women in Ibn Rushd\u2019s Commentary on Plato\u2019s Republic: Mythico-Barbarian Geography in the Case for Female Guardians, an Unsolved Passage","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Warrior Women in Ibn Rushd\u2019s Commentary on Plato\u2019s Republic: Mythico-Barbarian Geography in the Case for Female Guardians, an Unsolved Passage"},"abstract":"In his commentary on Plato\u2019s Republic, Ibn Rushd (Averroes) discusses the case for female guardians. Besides following Socrates\u2019s argument for female warriors, which cites the efficiency of female guard dogs, Ibn Rushd introduces an additional argument: that the female capacity for warfare is evident from the inhabitants of certain regions. Unfortunately, the precise formulation of the regions or groups he intends to mention is obscure in the existing manuscripts. Rosenthal translates \u201cthe inhabitants of deserts and frontier villages\u201d, Lerner\u2019s translation says \u201cthe inhabitants of deserts and the City of Women\u201d. This article aims to analyse these and other translations of this enigmatic passage, which has not yet been the subject of study. Concerning the second region mentioned, it seems that Ibn Rushd could be indicating Northern Spain, but he might also have been alluding to the legendary places at the coldest margins of the then-known world.","btype":3,"date":"2022","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09503110.2022.2114065","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":23,"category_name":"Commentary","link":"bib?categories[]=Commentary"},{"id":20,"category_name":"Plato","link":"bib?categories[]=Plato"},{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"}],"authors":[],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5767,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Al Masaq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean","volume":"34 ","issue":"3","pages":"314-335"}},"sort":[2022]}
| Title | The medieval Islamic commentary on Plato’s republic: Ibn Rushd’s perspective on the position and potential of women |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2021 |
| Journal | Islamology |
| Volume | 11 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 9-23 |
| Categories | Commentary, Plato, Politics, Tradition and Reception |
| Author(s) | Tineke Melkebeek |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| This paper investigates the twelfth-century commentary on Plato’s Republic by the Andalusian Muslim philosopher Ibn Rushd (Averroes). Ibn Rushd is considered to be the only Muslim philosopher who commented on the Republic. Written around 375 BC, Plato’s Republic discusses the order and character of a just city-state and contains revolutionary ideas on the position and qualities of women, which remained contested also in Ibn Rushd’s time. This Muslim philosopher is primarily known as the most esteemed commentator of Aristotle. However, for the lack of an Arabic translation of Aristotle’s Politics, Ibn Rushd commented on the political theory of Aristotle’s teacher, i.e. Plato’s Republic, instead. In his commentary, Ibn Rushd juxtaposes examples from Plato’s context and those from contemporary Muslim societies. Notably, when he diverges from the text, he does not drift off toward more patriarchal, Aristotelian interpretations. On the contrary, he argues that women are capable of being rulers and philosophers, that their true competencies remain unknown as long as they are deprived of education, and that this situation is detrimental to the flourishing of the city. This article aims to critically analyse Ibn Rushd’s statements on the position of women, as well as their reception in scholarly literature. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5808","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5808,"authors_free":[{"id":6729,"entry_id":5808,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":903,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Tineke Melkebeek","free_first_name":"Tineke ","free_last_name":"Melkebeek","norm_person":{"id":903,"first_name":"","last_name":"","full_name":"","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]="}}],"entry_title":"The medieval Islamic commentary on Plato\u2019s republic: Ibn Rushd\u2019s perspective on the position and potential of women","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"The medieval Islamic commentary on Plato\u2019s republic: Ibn Rushd\u2019s perspective on the position and potential of women"},"abstract":"This paper investigates the twelfth-century commentary on Plato\u2019s Republic by the Andalusian Muslim philosopher Ibn Rushd (Averroes). Ibn Rushd is considered to be the only Muslim philosopher who commented on the Republic. Written around 375 BC, Plato\u2019s Republic discusses the order and character of a just city-state and contains revolutionary ideas on the position and qualities of women, which remained contested also in Ibn Rushd\u2019s time. This Muslim philosopher is primarily known as the most esteemed commentator of Aristotle. However, for the lack of an Arabic translation of Aristotle\u2019s Politics, Ibn Rushd commented on the political theory of Aristotle\u2019s teacher, i.e. Plato\u2019s Republic, instead. In his commentary, Ibn Rushd juxtaposes examples from Plato\u2019s context and those from contemporary Muslim societies. Notably, when he diverges from the text, he does not drift off toward more patriarchal, Aristotelian interpretations. On the contrary, he argues that women are capable of being rulers and philosophers, that their true competencies remain unknown as long as they are deprived of education, and that this situation is detrimental to the flourishing of the city. This article aims to critically analyse Ibn Rushd\u2019s statements on the position of women, as well as their reception in scholarly literature. ","btype":3,"date":"2021","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"10.24848\/islmlg.11.1.02","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":23,"category_name":"Commentary","link":"bib?categories[]=Commentary"},{"id":20,"category_name":"Plato","link":"bib?categories[]=Plato"},{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"},{"id":43,"category_name":"Tradition and Reception","link":"bib?categories[]=Tradition and Reception"}],"authors":[{"id":903,"full_name":"","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5808,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":" Islamology","volume":"11","issue":"1","pages":"9-23"}},"sort":[2021]}
| Title | A Theory of Judgment in Averroes |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2021 |
| Journal | Arab Studies Quarterly |
| Volume | 43 |
| Issue | No. 3 (Summer 2021) |
| Pages | 268–281 |
| Categories | Linguistics, Politics, Rhetoric, Law, Psychology |
| Author(s) | Rayyan Dabbous |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Ibn Rushd’s the Decisive Treatise (1126–98) is widely acknowledged as an important text for understanding his legal ideas, with some scholars describing this text as a legal opinion (fatwa) issued for the Malikite jurists of that period. Contrastingly, I argue that the Decisive Treatise forms part of Ibn Rushd’s broader vision for political reform, and should thus be reconsidered as an important text for understanding his ideas on political authority. Whilst Ibn Rushd persisted in advancing the Almohad policy of reform, by calling on the religious scholars who occupied an important space in Almohad society to relinquish their narrow positions on how to understand and interpret Islamic Law, he went further in devising his own guidelines for reform. This constituted an argument that Greek ideas, and the wisdom of the ancient philosophers, are not only compatible with Islamic principles but also stand to offer much-needed guidance. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5770","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5770,"authors_free":[{"id":6683,"entry_id":5770,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Ayesha Omar","free_first_name":"Ayesha ","free_last_name":"Omar","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"Ibn Rushd\u2019s The Decisive Treatise: A Text for Political Reform","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Ibn Rushd\u2019s The Decisive Treatise: A Text for Political Reform"},"abstract":"Ibn Rushd\u2019s the Decisive Treatise (1126\u201398) is widely acknowledged as an important text for understanding his legal ideas, with some scholars describing this text as a legal opinion (fatwa) issued for the Malikite jurists of that period. Contrastingly, I argue that the Decisive Treatise forms part of Ibn Rushd\u2019s broader vision for political reform, and should thus be reconsidered as an important text for understanding his ideas on political authority. Whilst Ibn Rushd persisted in advancing the Almohad policy of reform, by calling on the religious scholars who occupied an important space in Almohad society to relinquish their narrow positions on how to understand and interpret Islamic Law, he went further in devising his own guidelines for reform. This constituted an argument that Greek ideas, and the wisdom of the ancient philosophers, are not only compatible with Islamic principles but also stand to offer much-needed guidance.","btype":3,"date":"2019","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0971945818801398","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":26,"category_name":"Law","link":"bib?categories[]=Law"},{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"},{"id":51,"category_name":"Thomas","link":"bib?categories[]=Thomas"}],"authors":[],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5770,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"The Medieval History Journal","volume":"22","issue":"1","pages":"131-155"}},"sort":[2019]}
| Title | The Contention between Secular and Revealed Law: Analyzing Ibn Rushd’s Solution to the Problem of the “Virtuous Society” |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2019 |
| Journal | Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies |
| Volume | 4 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 43–65 |
| Categories | Politics, Law, Commentary, Plato |
| Author(s) | Jaan S. Islam |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| This article is an analysis of the political thought of Ibn Rushd and its significance for the current conflict in Islamic political thought between liberal, secular and conservative Islamist thinkers over the meaning of the “virtuous society” and how it can be implemented. It is argued that the thought of Ibn Rushd offers a concept of the virtuous society that reconciles secular law and religious Sharī‘a law. The article analyzes Ibn Rushd’s Commentary on Plato’s Republic, and assesses it as potentially being able to reconcile the philosophical conflict between logically discerned law and revealed law. It is contended that the separation between “religious” and “political” (i.e., philosophical) domains often attributed to Ibn Rushd does not fully consider the entirety of Ibn Rushd’s writings and interprets his works without regard for their historical and religious contextual significance. |
| Online Access | https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jims.4.1.02 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.2979/jims.4.1.02 |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5078","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5078,"authors_free":[{"id":5839,"entry_id":5078,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Jaan S. Islam","free_first_name":"Jaan S. ","free_last_name":"Islam","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"The Contention between Secular and Revealed Law: Analyzing Ibn Rushd\u2019s Solution to the Problem of the \u201cVirtuous Society\u201d","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"The Contention between Secular and Revealed Law: Analyzing Ibn Rushd\u2019s Solution to the Problem of the \u201cVirtuous Society\u201d"},"abstract":"This article is an analysis of the political thought of Ibn Rushd and its significance for the current conflict in Islamic political thought between liberal, secular and conservative Islamist thinkers over the meaning of the \u201cvirtuous society\u201d and how it can be implemented. It is argued that the thought of Ibn Rushd offers a concept of the virtuous society that reconciles secular law and religious Shar\u012b\u2018a law. The article analyzes Ibn Rushd\u2019s Commentary on Plato\u2019s Republic, and assesses it as potentially being able to reconcile the philosophical conflict between logically discerned law and revealed law. It is contended that the separation between \u201creligious\u201d and \u201cpolitical\u201d (i.e., philosophical) domains often attributed to Ibn Rushd does not fully consider the entirety of Ibn Rushd\u2019s writings and interprets his works without regard for their historical and religious contextual significance.","btype":3,"date":"2019","language":"English","online_url":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.2979\/jims.4.1.02","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2979\/jims.4.1.02 ","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"},{"id":26,"category_name":"Law","link":"bib?categories[]=Law"},{"id":23,"category_name":"Commentary","link":"bib?categories[]=Commentary"},{"id":20,"category_name":"Plato","link":"bib?categories[]=Plato"}],"authors":[],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5078,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies","volume":"4","issue":"1","pages":"43\u201365"}},"sort":[2019]}
| Title | Aristotelismus und Averroismus in der politischen Theorie bei Marsilius von Padua und Wilhelm von Ockham |
| Type | Article |
| Language | German |
| Date | 2019 |
| Journal | Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia |
| Volume | 75 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 1739–1762 |
| Categories | Politics, Latin Averroism, Tradition and Reception, Ockham |
| Author(s) | Jürgen Miethke |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The paper is aiming to look at the importance of the Arabian political philosopher Averroes (Ibn Rušd) for the reception of the political philosophy of the Greek philosopher Aristotle in the Latin West by analyzing the exemple of two maior medieval authors (Marsiglio of Padua and William Ockham) for “averroistic” doctrines, in order to check the often discussed so called “Political Averroism” in the medieval Latin political philosophy. As result there seems to emerge the insight, that “Political Averroism” is only a “historiographical myth”, for Marsiglio is showing only some minor points of reference to averroistic topics, whereas Ockham seems free of clear relationship to “Averroism”. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5406","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5406,"authors_free":[{"id":6267,"entry_id":5406,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"J\u00fcrgen Miethke","free_first_name":"J\u00fcrgen","free_last_name":"Miethke","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"Aristotelismus und Averroismus in der politischen Theorie bei Marsilius von Padua und Wilhelm von Ockham","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Aristotelismus und Averroismus in der politischen Theorie bei Marsilius von Padua und Wilhelm von Ockham"},"abstract":"The paper is aiming to look at the importance of the Arabian political philosopher Averroes (Ibn Ru\u0161d) for the reception of the political philosophy of the Greek philosopher Aristotle in the Latin West by analyzing the exemple of two maior medieval authors (Marsiglio of Padua and William Ockham) for \u201caverroistic\u201d doctrines, in order to check the often discussed so called \u201cPolitical Averroism\u201d in the medieval Latin political philosophy. As result there seems to emerge the insight, that \u201cPolitical Averroism\u201d is only a \u201chistoriographical myth\u201d, for Marsiglio is showing only some minor points of reference to averroistic topics, whereas Ockham seems free of clear relationship to \u201cAverroism\u201d.","btype":3,"date":"2019","language":"German","online_url":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26796771","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17990\/RPF\/2019_75_3_1739","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"},{"id":7,"category_name":"Latin Averroism","link":"bib?categories[]=Latin Averroism"},{"id":43,"category_name":"Tradition and Reception","link":"bib?categories[]=Tradition and Reception"},{"id":3,"category_name":"Ockham","link":"bib?categories[]=Ockham"}],"authors":[],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5406,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia","volume":"75","issue":"3","pages":"1739\u20131762"}},"sort":[2019]}
| Title | Métaphysique et politique “en intention seconde”: Jean de Jandun héritier d’Averroès et d’Alexandre d’Aphrodise |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2018 |
| Journal | Archives d'histoire doctrinale et littéraire du Moyen Age |
| Volume | 85 |
| Pages | 108–127 |
| Categories | Alexander of Aphrodisias, Averroism, Metaphysics, Politics |
| Author(s) | Jean-Baptiste Brenet |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The aim of the paper is twofold. First, to present the position of the Master of Arts John of Jandun (d. 1328) on the relationship between the metaphysical and the political; and second, to show how his solution, based on the idea of an agency “in second intention,” makes him a follower of Averroes and, more remotely, of Alexander of Aphrodisias’s doctrine on providence. Although the philosopher must play a key role in the city-state as the prince’s teacher on divine truths, this role does not make him a subordinate in any way, because he is turned towards others only in secunda intentione. How does John of Jandun flesh this out? And what does he owe to the metaphysical providence defended by his Greek and Arabic predecessors? These are the issues the paper deals with. |
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| Title | Della Politica di Aristotele all’”averroismo politico”. Una vicenda paradossale |
| Type | Article |
| Language | Italian |
| Date | 2018 |
| Journal | Mediterranea |
| Volume | 3 |
| Pages | 19–34 |
| Categories | Averroism, Politics, Aristotle, Modern Readings |
| Author(s) | Gregorio Piaia |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| From the early twentieth century onwards, the concept of ‘political Averroism’ has become widespread, especially with reference to Dante Alighieri and to Marsilius of Padua. It is our intention here to establish and delineate the remotest origin of this concept, which can be fundamentally traced back to two elements: the central role accorded to political reflection as a consequence of the French Revolution, and the adoption of Averroes as a symbol and figure anticipating modern rationalism. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5176","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5176,"authors_free":[{"id":5961,"entry_id":5176,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":684,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Gregorio Piaia","free_first_name":"Gregorio","free_last_name":"Piaia","norm_person":{"id":684,"first_name":"Gregorio","last_name":"Piaia","full_name":"Gregorio Piaia","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1141240149","viaf_url":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/2485674","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Gregorio Piaia"}}],"entry_title":"Della Politica di Aristotele all\u2019\u201daverroismo politico\u201d. Una vicenda paradossale","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Della Politica di Aristotele all\u2019\u201daverroismo politico\u201d. Una vicenda paradossale"},"abstract":"From the early twentieth century onwards, the concept of \u2018political Averroism\u2019 has become widespread, especially with reference to Dante Alighieri and to Marsilius of Padua. It is our intention here to establish and delineate the remotest origin of this concept, which can be fundamentally traced back to two elements: the central role accorded to political reflection as a consequence of the French Revolution, and the adoption of Averroes as a symbol and figure anticipating modern rationalism. ","btype":3,"date":"2018","language":"Italian","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21071\/mijtk.v0i3.10768 ","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":1,"category_name":"Averroism","link":"bib?categories[]=Averroism"},{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"},{"id":21,"category_name":"Aristotle","link":"bib?categories[]=Aristotle"},{"id":35,"category_name":"Modern Readings","link":"bib?categories[]=Modern Readings"}],"authors":[{"id":684,"full_name":"Gregorio Piaia","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5176,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Mediterranea","volume":"3 ","issue":"","pages":"19\u201334"}},"sort":[2018]}
| Today, the basis of much political corruption can be mentioned in the presence of political morality that is built on political practices free from virtues. According to Averroes, the ethics of political morality/politics ethic provide with hegemonic power. İn the sense of overcoming this, he emphasizes on moral -based policy that takes virtues as its own origin of reference. Averroes, who takes Greek experience in the relation of morality- politics into account, gives extra weight to politics and morality relations in the building period of constitutive politics in İslamic world. As a condition of the sustenance of İslamic world in the political arena, he showed original arche/ metaphysics that refers to the virtues which should be in every area of the life. The understanding of politics and morality that is manifested in Averroes, also express the consciousness of reviving of objective political culture. Bugün birçok siyasal yozlaşmanın temelinde erdemlerden bağımsız siyasal pratikler üzerine inşa edilen bir siyasal ahlakın varlığında söz edilebilir. İbn Rüşd' göre siyasal ahlak / siyasetin ahlakı hegemonik güç sağlar. Bunun aşılması olarak erdemleri kendine referans alan ahlak temeli bir siyasete vurgu yapmaktadır. Siyaset-ahlak ilişkisinde Grek dünyasının siyaset tecrübesini dikkate alan İbn Rüşd İslam dünyasında kurucu siyasetin inşa edilmeye çalışıldığı bir dönemde siyaset ve ahlak ilişkisine daha da önem vermiştir. İslam dünyasının siyasi arenada var olmasının şartı olarak; hayatın her alanında var olması gereken erdemleri referans alan asli arche'ye/metafiziği göstermiştir. İbn Rüşd'ün de ortaya konulan siyaset ve ahlak anlayışı aynı zamanda nesnel bir siyasi kültürün dirilmesinin derin bir bilincini ifade etmektedir. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5584","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5584,"authors_free":[{"id":6482,"entry_id":5584,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":903,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Mirpen\u00e7 A\u015fkit","free_first_name":"Mirpen\u00e7 ","free_last_name":"A\u015fkit","norm_person":{"id":903,"first_name":"","last_name":"","full_name":"","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]="}}],"entry_title":"\u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd'de Siyaset ve Ahlak \u0130li\u015fkis","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"\u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd'de Siyaset ve Ahlak \u0130li\u015fkis"},"abstract":"Today, the basis of much political corruption can be mentioned in the presence of political morality that is built on political practices free from virtues. According to Averroes, the ethics of political morality\/politics ethic provide with hegemonic power. \u0130n the sense of overcoming this, he emphasizes on moral -based policy that takes virtues as its own origin of reference. Averroes, who takes Greek experience in the relation of morality- politics into account, gives extra weight to politics and morality relations in the building period of constitutive politics in \u0130slamic world. As a condition of the sustenance of \u0130slamic world in the political arena, he showed original arche\/ metaphysics that refers to the virtues which should be in every area of the life. The understanding of politics and morality that is manifested in Averroes, also express the consciousness of reviving of objective political culture. \r\n\r\nBug\u00fcn bir\u00e7ok siyasal yozla\u015fman\u0131n temelinde erdemlerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z siyasal pratikler \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilen bir siyasal ahlak\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u00f6z edilebilir. \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd' g\u00f6re siyasal ahlak \/ siyasetin ahlak\u0131 hegemonik g\u00fc\u00e7 sa\u011flar. Bunun a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 olarak erdemleri kendine referans alan ahlak temeli bir siyasete vurgu yapmaktad\u0131r. Siyaset-ahlak ili\u015fkisinde Grek d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n siyaset tecr\u00fcbesini dikkate alan \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda kurucu siyasetin in\u015fa edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde siyaset ve ahlak ili\u015fkisine daha da \u00f6nem vermi\u015ftir. \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n siyasi arenada var olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fart\u0131 olarak; hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda var olmas\u0131 gereken erdemleri referans alan asli arche'ye\/metafizi\u011fi g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u0130bn R\u00fc\u015fd'\u00fcn de ortaya konulan siyaset ve ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda nesnel bir siyasi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn dirilmesinin derin bir bilincini ifade etmektedir.","btype":3,"date":"2018","language":"Turkish","online_url":"","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":22,"category_name":"Ethics","link":"bib?categories[]=Ethics"},{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"}],"authors":[{"id":903,"full_name":"","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5584,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Igdir University Journal of Social Sciences","volume":"16","issue":"","pages":"47-65"}},"sort":[2018]}
| Title | (Re)traduction et restitution du texte d’Ibn Rushd dans sa langue d’origine: Commentaire de la République de Platon |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2013 |
| Journal | Noesis |
| Volume | 21 |
| Pages | 163–186 |
| Categories | Politics, Transmission |
| Author(s) | Abdennour Benantar |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The article analyses the problematics of retranslation and restitution of Ibn Rushd’s Commentary of Plato’s Republic, in its original language, Arabic. Being at the confluents of politics and philosophy, this book is a real political treatise. The manuscript, probably lost during the time of Ibn Rushd’s disgrace, has reached us through its Hebrew translation by Samuel Ben Juda. Ahmed Chahlane and Mohamed A. al-Jabri have tried hard to return the manuscript from Hebrew into its original language. After determining the context in which Ibn Rushd’s book was written and its consequences for the author, the article analyses the problematics of (re)translation in the absence of the original (manuscript) and particularly the task of restitution conducted by Chahlane and al-Jabri. The focus is on their methodology of restitution and on the annotations made by Chahlane to the Hebrew and English translations from Hebrew by Rosenthal and Lerner, in which mistakes and approximations are numerous. The article shows how Chahlane and al-Jabri have considered the text in its original perspective and given back its frame using the work of Ibn Rushd himself and the Arab-Islamic philosophical corpus. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5216","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5216,"authors_free":[{"id":6018,"entry_id":5216,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Abdennour Benantar","free_first_name":"Abdennour","free_last_name":"Benantar","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"(Re)traduction et restitution du texte d\u2019Ibn Rushd dans sa langue d\u2019origine: Commentaire de la R\u00e9publique de Platon","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"(Re)traduction et restitution du texte d\u2019Ibn Rushd dans sa langue d\u2019origine: Commentaire de la R\u00e9publique de Platon"},"abstract":"The article analyses the problematics of retranslation and restitution of Ibn Rushd\u2019s Commentary of Plato\u2019s Republic, in its original language, Arabic. Being at the confluents of politics and philosophy, this book is a real political treatise. The manuscript, probably lost during the time of Ibn Rushd\u2019s disgrace, has reached us through its Hebrew translation by Samuel Ben Juda. Ahmed Chahlane and Mohamed A. al-Jabri have tried hard to return the manuscript from Hebrew into its original language. After determining the context in which Ibn Rushd\u2019s book was written and its consequences for the author, the article analyses the problematics of (re)translation in the absence of the original (manuscript) and particularly the task of restitution conducted by Chahlane and al-Jabri. The focus is on their methodology of restitution and on the annotations made by Chahlane to the Hebrew and English translations from Hebrew by Rosenthal and Lerner, in which mistakes and approximations are numerous. The article shows how Chahlane and al-Jabri have considered the text in its original perspective and given back its frame using the work of Ibn Rushd himself and the Arab-Islamic philosophical corpus.","btype":3,"date":"2013","language":"French","online_url":"","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"},{"id":40,"category_name":"Transmission","link":"bib?categories[]=Transmission"}],"authors":[],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5216,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Noesis","volume":"21 ","issue":"","pages":"163\u2013186"}},"sort":["(Re)traduction et restitution du texte d\u2019Ibn Rushd dans sa langue d\u2019origine: Commentaire de la R\u00e9publique de Platon"]}
| Title | A Comparison Between Khumainī's Government of the Jurist and The Commentary on Plato's Republic of Ibn Rushd |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 1996 |
| Journal | Journal of Islamic Studies |
| Volume | 7 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 16–31 |
| Categories | Politics |
| Author(s) | Vanessa Martin |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Online Access | https://www.jstor.org/stable/26195475 |
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| Title | A Theory of Judgment in Averroes |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2021 |
| Journal | Arab Studies Quarterly |
| Volume | 43 |
| Issue | No. 3 (Summer 2021) |
| Pages | 268–281 |
| Categories | Linguistics, Politics, Rhetoric, Law, Psychology |
| Author(s) | Rayyan Dabbous |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5404","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5404,"authors_free":[{"id":6265,"entry_id":5404,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Rayyan Dabbous","free_first_name":"Rayyan","free_last_name":"Dabbous","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"A Theory of Judgment in Averroes","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"A Theory of Judgment in Averroes"},"abstract":"","btype":3,"date":"2021","language":"English","online_url":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.13169\/arabstudquar.43.3.0268","doi_url":"10.2307\/j50005550 ","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":78,"category_name":"Linguistics","link":"bib?categories[]=Linguistics"},{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"},{"id":48,"category_name":"Rhetoric","link":"bib?categories[]=Rhetoric"},{"id":26,"category_name":"Law","link":"bib?categories[]=Law"},{"id":12,"category_name":"Psychology","link":"bib?categories[]=Psychology"}],"authors":[],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5404,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Arab Studies Quarterly","volume":"43","issue":"No. 3 (Summer 2021)","pages":"268\u2013281"}},"sort":["A Theory of Judgment in Averroes"]}
| Title | Alfonso X „the Wise“: the last Almohad caliph? |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2009 |
| Journal | Medieval Encounters |
| Volume | 15 |
| Issue | 2-4 |
| Pages | 175-198 |
| Categories | Politics, Science |
| Author(s) | Maribel Fierro |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5309","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5309,"authors_free":[{"id":6139,"entry_id":5309,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":766,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Maribel Fierro","free_first_name":"Maribel","free_last_name":"Fierro","norm_person":{"id":766,"first_name":"Maribel","last_name":"Fierro","full_name":"Maribel Fierro","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1054572747","viaf_url":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/59118692","db_url":"https:\/\/www.deutsche-biographie.de\/pnd1054572747.html","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Maribel Fierro"}}],"entry_title":"Alfonso X \u201ethe Wise\u201c: the last Almohad caliph?","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Alfonso X \u201ethe Wise\u201c: the last Almohad caliph?"},"abstract":"","btype":3,"date":"2009","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"},{"id":56,"category_name":"Science","link":"bib?categories[]=Science"}],"authors":[{"id":766,"full_name":"Maribel Fierro","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5309,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Medieval Encounters","volume":"15","issue":"2-4","pages":"175-198"}},"sort":["Alfonso X \u201ethe Wise\u201c: the last Almohad caliph?"]}
| Title | Aristotelismus und Averroismus in der politischen Theorie bei Marsilius von Padua und Wilhelm von Ockham |
| Type | Article |
| Language | German |
| Date | 2019 |
| Journal | Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia |
| Volume | 75 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 1739–1762 |
| Categories | Politics, Latin Averroism, Tradition and Reception, Ockham |
| Author(s) | Jürgen Miethke |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The paper is aiming to look at the importance of the Arabian political philosopher Averroes (Ibn Rušd) for the reception of the political philosophy of the Greek philosopher Aristotle in the Latin West by analyzing the exemple of two maior medieval authors (Marsiglio of Padua and William Ockham) for “averroistic” doctrines, in order to check the often discussed so called “Political Averroism” in the medieval Latin political philosophy. As result there seems to emerge the insight, that “Political Averroism” is only a “historiographical myth”, for Marsiglio is showing only some minor points of reference to averroistic topics, whereas Ockham seems free of clear relationship to “Averroism”. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5406","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5406,"authors_free":[{"id":6267,"entry_id":5406,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":null,"person_id":null,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"J\u00fcrgen Miethke","free_first_name":"J\u00fcrgen","free_last_name":"Miethke","norm_person":null}],"entry_title":"Aristotelismus und Averroismus in der politischen Theorie bei Marsilius von Padua und Wilhelm von Ockham","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Aristotelismus und Averroismus in der politischen Theorie bei Marsilius von Padua und Wilhelm von Ockham"},"abstract":"The paper is aiming to look at the importance of the Arabian political philosopher Averroes (Ibn Ru\u0161d) for the reception of the political philosophy of the Greek philosopher Aristotle in the Latin West by analyzing the exemple of two maior medieval authors (Marsiglio of Padua and William Ockham) for \u201caverroistic\u201d doctrines, in order to check the often discussed so called \u201cPolitical Averroism\u201d in the medieval Latin political philosophy. As result there seems to emerge the insight, that \u201cPolitical Averroism\u201d is only a \u201chistoriographical myth\u201d, for Marsiglio is showing only some minor points of reference to averroistic topics, whereas Ockham seems free of clear relationship to \u201cAverroism\u201d.","btype":3,"date":"2019","language":"German","online_url":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26796771","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17990\/RPF\/2019_75_3_1739","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"},{"id":7,"category_name":"Latin Averroism","link":"bib?categories[]=Latin Averroism"},{"id":43,"category_name":"Tradition and Reception","link":"bib?categories[]=Tradition and Reception"},{"id":3,"category_name":"Ockham","link":"bib?categories[]=Ockham"}],"authors":[],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":5406,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia","volume":"75","issue":"3","pages":"1739\u20131762"}},"sort":["Aristotelismus und Averroismus in der politischen Theorie bei Marsilius von Padua und Wilhelm von Ockham"]}
| Title | Averroes and the Emancipation of Women |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 1996 |
| Journal | Revue tunisienne des études philosophiques |
| Volume | 15 |
| Categories | Politics |
| Author(s) | Friedrich Niewöhner |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"1125","_score":null,"_source":{"id":1125,"authors_free":[{"id":1303,"entry_id":1125,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":629,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Friedrich Niew\u00f6hner","free_first_name":"Friedrich","free_last_name":"Niew\u00f6hner","norm_person":{"id":629,"first_name":"Friedrich","last_name":"Niew\u00f6hner","full_name":"Friedrich Niew\u00f6hner","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/121637980","viaf_url":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/64039885","db_url":"https:\/\/www.deutsche-biographie.de\/sfzN1540-6.html","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Friedrich Niew\u00f6hner"}}],"entry_title":"Averroes and the Emancipation of Women","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"main_title":{"title":"Averroes and the Emancipation of Women"},"abstract":null,"btype":3,"date":"1996","language":"English","online_url":null,"doi_url":null,"ti_url":null,"categories":[{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"}],"authors":[{"id":629,"full_name":"Friedrich Niew\u00f6hner","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":1125,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Revue tunisienne des \u00e9tudes philosophiques","volume":"15","issue":null,"pages":null}},"sort":["Averroes and the Emancipation of Women"]}
| Title | Averroes y la República de Platón |
| Type | Article |
| Language | Spanish |
| Date | 1994 |
| Journal | Pensamiento |
| Volume | 50 |
| Pages | 25–46 |
| Categories | Politics, Plato |
| Author(s) | Francisco Pérez Ruiz , Francisco Pérez Ruiz |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Averroes's Aesthetics. The Pleasure of Philosophy and the Pleasure of Poetry |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2015 |
| Journal | Quaestio |
| Volume | 15 |
| Pages | 287–296 |
| Categories | Aristotle, Poetics, Commentary, Logic, Politics |
| Author(s) | Francesca Forte |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The theme of the pleasure of knowledge is central in Averroes’ aesthetical reflection of Aristotle’s Poetics, regardless whether we side with the logical or with the moral interpretation. The first one stresses the continuity between Averroes and previous commentators in his attempt to reconstruct the Poetics as an integral part of the Logic itself, whereby poetic discourse is conceived as a form of reasoning based on syllogisms. According to the latter perspective, however, pleasure is central in that poetry is a tool towards the pursuit of happiness: in this perspective it is necessary to bear in mind some common themes present in other works by Averroes (particularly in the commentaries on the Aristotelian Organon – and especially the commentary on the Rhetoric –, in the commentaries on Plato’s Republic, and, last but not least, in the Decisive Treatise). The pleasure of contemplative knowledge must go hand in hand with the pursuit of communal happiness and therefore with the good and proper order of community and society. Poetry represents a central tool towards this aim in that it expresses moral truths which cannot not be communicated (to everybody) by means of logic and philosophy alone. |
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| Title | Averroism and the Politics of Philosophy |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 1960 |
| Journal | The Journal of Politics |
| Volume | 22 |
| Pages | 698–727 |
| Categories | Politics, Averroism |
| Author(s) | Irving L. Horowitz |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Online Access | https://www.jstor.org/stable/2126929 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.2307/2126929 |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"1986","_score":null,"_source":{"id":1986,"authors_free":[{"id":2425,"entry_id":1986,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1584,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Irving L. Horowitz","free_first_name":"Irving L.","free_last_name":"Horowitz","norm_person":{"id":1584,"first_name":"Irving L.","last_name":"Horowitz","full_name":"Irving L. Horowitz","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/121102351","viaf_url":"http:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/233162361","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Irving L. Horowitz"}}],"entry_title":"Averroism and the Politics of Philosophy","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Averroism and the Politics of Philosophy"},"abstract":"","btype":3,"date":"1960","language":"English","online_url":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2126929","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2126929","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":4,"category_name":"Politics","link":"bib?categories[]=Politics"},{"id":1,"category_name":"Averroism","link":"bib?categories[]=Averroism"}],"authors":[{"id":1584,"full_name":"Irving L. Horowitz","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":1986,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"The Journal of Politics","volume":"22","issue":null,"pages":"698\u2013727"}},"sort":["Averroism and the Politics of Philosophy"]}
| Title | Averroës : Politics and Opinion |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 1972 |
| Journal | The American Political Science Review |
| Volume | 66 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 894–901 |
| Categories | Politics |
| Author(s) | Charles E. Butterworth |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Online Access | https://www.jstor.org/stable/40236804 |
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