| Title | Varieties of consciousness in classical Arabic thought: Avicenna, Averroes, and the mutakallimūn |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2023 |
| Journal | British journal for the history of philosophy |
| Volume | ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) |
| Pages | 1-22 |
| Categories | Psychology |
| Author(s) | Deborah L. Black |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| In classical Arabic philosophy, the topic of consciousness is commonly associated with Avicenna's ‘Flying Man’ thought experiment. But Avicenna's explorations of the nature of consciousness are not confined to the Flying Man, and he is by no means the only classical Islamic thinker to deem consciousness an important feature of our experience. Consciousness also plays a important role in the epistemology and moral psychology of Avicenna's intellectual rivals, the theologians (mutakallumūn), who represent important sources for Avicenna's own theorizing about consciousness. And while Avicenna's philosophical successor and critic, Averroes, seems to banish consciousness from the core of his cognitive psychology, in doing so he seems to anticipate contemporary efforts to expand the scope of consciousness through the notion of the ‘extended’ mind. This paper examines the varieties of consciousness recognized by Avicenna and several other classical Islamic thinkers with a view to understanding the extent to which their accounts can be mapped on to some of the concepts of consciousness delineated by contemporary philosophers of mind. |
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| Title | Ibn Miskawayh, Ibn Rushd, and Al-Fārābī |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2023 |
| Published in | Foundations of Islāmic Psychology. From Classical Scholars to Contemporary Thinkers |
| Pages | 48-55 |
| Categories | al-Fārābī, Psychology |
| Author(s) | G. Hussein Rassool , Mugheera M. Luqman |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| In this particular chapter, three physicians Ibn Miskawayh, Ibn Rushd, and Al-Fārābī, who made some contributions, directly and indirectly, to the development of psychology, are presented. Ibn Miskawayh can be regarded as one of the earliest positive, educational, cognitive psychologists for his treatise on Tahdhīb al-Akhlāq. In positive psychology, he showed how to reach supreme happiness and its virtues. To reach such state, psychological conditions and environmental factors can shape the supreme happiness of human being. The development of a theory of psychotherapy has also been attributed to Ibn Miskawayh and introduced what is now known as "self-reinforcement" and response cost. Ibn Rushd's views on psychology are most fully discussed in his Talkhis Kitab al-Nafs as it "surpasses other sciences, except for divine science." Ibn Rushd described three-fold hierarchy of learning. Ibn Rushd argued that we experience health and illness, and that religious texts contain important information as to how we should behave. What is remarkable with Ibn Rushd is that he examined critically diverse views and argued that all these views are acceptable from different perspectives. Al Fārābī in his Ārāʾ Ahl al-Madīnah al-Fāḍilah describes several principles of social psychology using invented exemplars. Al-Fārābī suggested that the perfect human being has both theoretical virtue and practical moral virtues. At the heart of Al-Farabi's political philosophy is the concept of happiness in which people cooperate to gain contentment. Al-Fārābī used observable realities and experimentation based on clear evidence even though relied on scriptural sources for his intellectual discourse. Al-Fārābī wrote on dreams and explained the distinction between dream Interpretation and the nature and trigger of dreams. His writings on the therapeutic effect of music on the soul later influenced modern mental health and treatment. |
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The development of a theory of psychotherapy has also been attributed to Ibn Miskawayh and introduced what is now known as \"self-reinforcement\" and response cost. Ibn Rushd's views on psychology are most fully discussed in his Talkhis Kitab al-Nafs as it \"surpasses other sciences, except for divine science.\" Ibn Rushd described three-fold hierarchy of learning. Ibn Rushd argued that we experience health and illness, and that religious texts contain important information as to how we should behave. What is remarkable with Ibn Rushd is that he examined critically diverse views and argued that all these views are acceptable from different perspectives. Al F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b in his \u0100r\u0101\u02be Ahl al-Mad\u012bnah al-F\u0101\u1e0dilah describes several principles of social psychology using invented exemplars. Al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b suggested that the perfect human being has both theoretical virtue and practical moral virtues. 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| Title | Foundations of Islāmic Psychology. From Classical Scholars to Contemporary Thinkers |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2023 |
| Publication Place | London |
| Publisher | Routledge |
| Categories | Psychology, al-Ġazālī, al-Kindī, Avicenna |
| Author(s) | G. Hussein Rassool , Mugheera M. Luqman |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Foundations of Islāmic Psychology: From Classical Scholars to Contemporary Thinkers examines the history of Islāmic psychology from the Islāmic Golden age through the early 21st century, giving a thorough look into Islāmic psychology’s origins, Islāmic philosophy and theology, and key developments in Islāmic psychology. In tracing psychology from its origins in early civilisations, ancient philosophy, and religions to the modern discipline of psychology, this book integrates overarching psychological principles and ideas that have shaped the global history of Islāmic psychology. It examines the legacy of psychology from an Islāmic perspective, looking at the contributions of early Islāmic classical scholars and contemporary psychologists, and to introduce how the history of Islāmic philosophy and sciences has contributed to the development of classical and modern Islāmic psychology from its founding to the present. With each chapter covering a key thinker or moment, and also covering the globalisation of psychology, the Islāmisation of knowledge, and the decolonisation of psychology, the work critically evaluates the effects of the globalisation of psychology and its lasting impact on indigenous culture. This book aims to engage and inspire students taking undergraduate and graduate courses on Islāmic psychology, to recognise the power of history in the academic studies of Islāmic psychology, to connect history to the present and the future, and to think critically. It is also ideal reading for researchers and those undertaking continuing professional development in Islāmic psychology, psychotherapy, and counselling. |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"5595","_score":null,"_source":{"id":5595,"authors_free":[{"id":6494,"entry_id":5595,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1854,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"G. Hussein Rassool","free_first_name":"G. Hussein","free_last_name":"Rassool","norm_person":{"id":1854,"first_name":"G. Hussein","last_name":" Rassool","full_name":"G. Hussein Rassool","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1089357354","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null,"link":"bib?authors[]=G. Hussein Rassool"}},{"id":6495,"entry_id":5595,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":903,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Mugheera M. Luqman","free_first_name":"Mugheera M.","free_last_name":"Luqman","norm_person":{"id":903,"first_name":"","last_name":"","full_name":"","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]="}}],"entry_title":"Foundations of Isl\u0101mic Psychology. From Classical Scholars to Contemporary Thinkers","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Foundations of Isl\u0101mic Psychology. From Classical Scholars to Contemporary Thinkers"},"abstract":"Foundations of Isl\u0101mic Psychology: From Classical Scholars to Contemporary Thinkers examines the history of Isl\u0101mic psychology from the Isl\u0101mic Golden age through the early 21st century, giving a thorough look into Isl\u0101mic psychology\u2019s origins, Isl\u0101mic philosophy and theology, and key developments in Isl\u0101mic psychology.\r\n\r\nIn tracing psychology from its origins in early civilisations, ancient philosophy, and religions to the modern discipline of psychology, this book integrates overarching psychological principles and ideas that have shaped the global history of Isl\u0101mic psychology. It examines the legacy of psychology from an Isl\u0101mic perspective, looking at the contributions of early Isl\u0101mic classical scholars and contemporary psychologists, and to introduce how the history of Isl\u0101mic philosophy and sciences has contributed to the development of classical and modern Isl\u0101mic psychology from its founding to the present. With each chapter covering a key thinker or moment, and also covering the globalisation of psychology, the Isl\u0101misation of knowledge, and the decolonisation of psychology, the work critically evaluates the effects of the globalisation of psychology and its lasting impact on indigenous culture.\r\n\r\nThis book aims to engage and inspire students taking undergraduate and graduate courses on Isl\u0101mic psychology, to recognise the power of history in the academic studies of Isl\u0101mic psychology, to connect history to the present and the future, and to think critically. It is also ideal reading for researchers and those undertaking continuing professional development in Isl\u0101mic psychology, psychotherapy, and counselling.","btype":1,"date":"2023","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003181415","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":12,"category_name":"Psychology","link":"bib?categories[]=Psychology"},{"id":14,"category_name":"al-\u0120az\u0101l\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-\u0120az\u0101l\u012b"},{"id":54,"category_name":"al-Kind\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-Kind\u012b"},{"id":10,"category_name":"Avicenna","link":"bib?categories[]=Avicenna"}],"authors":[{"id":1854,"full_name":"G. Hussein Rassool","role":1},{"id":903,"full_name":"","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":{"id":5595,"pubplace":"London ","publisher":"Routledge","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"booksection":null,"article":null},"sort":[2023]}
| Title | The Reception of Averroes in Early Scholasticism |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2023 |
| Published in | Human Nature in Early Franciscan Thought. Philosophical Background and Theological Significance |
| Pages | 182-204 |
| Categories | Psychology, De anima, Tradition and Reception |
| Author(s) | Lydia Schumacher |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| This chapter intervenes in a longstanding debate about the origins of a psychological schema that is found in both of John’s works on the soul as well as in the Summa Halensis. This is the distinction between the material intellect, which is connected to the body, on the one hand, and the agent and possible intellects, which are separable from the body, on the other. Some past scholars have traced this scheme to Averroes’ distinction between a corruptible and an incorruptible intellect, while others have pointed out that there is insufficient evidence of Averroes’ influence at this time to support that attribution. The chapter gathers evidence which suggests that the scheme is a Latin scholastic invention which draws primarily on Avicenna and Aristotle rather than Averroes. |
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| Title | Aproximación al tema de la visión de la oscuridad en De Anima II 7 desde los comentarios de Averroes |
| Translation | Approach to the topic of the vision of darkness in De Anima II 7 from the comments of Averroes |
| Type | Article |
| Language | Spanish |
| Date | 2022 |
| Journal | Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia |
| Volume | 63 |
| Issue | 152 |
| Pages | 515 – 534 |
| Categories | Commentary, Aristotle, De anima, Psychology |
| Author(s) | Desiderio Parrilla |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| El problema de la “visión escotópica”, o visión bajo condiciones de oscuridad parcial o total, es uno de los tópicos más enigmáticos y menos estudiados de la psicología aristotélica. En el artículo exponemos la exégesis de Averroes acerca de este asunto. Señalamos una dificultad que surge en el Comentario mayor en torno a algunos términos utilizados para designar la oscuridad en el conjunto de la teoría. Proponemos como solución una interpretación moderada del asunto, acorde con el “principio de economía” y la exégesis tradicional de los comentaristas. The problem of “scotopic vision”, or vision under conditions of partial or total darkness, is one of the most enigmatic and least studied topics in Aristotelian psychology. In the article we present the exegesis of Averroes on this matter. We point out a dificulty that arises in the Great Commentary around some terms used to designate the obscurity in the whole of the theory. We propose as a solution a moderate interpretation of the matter, in accordance with the “principle of economy” and the traditional exegesis of the commentators. |
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| Title | Does Each of Us Think Our Own Universal? An Averroean Challenge for (Aquinas and) Hervaeus Natalis |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2022 |
| Journal | History of Philosophy Quarterly |
| Volume | 39 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 339-354 |
| Categories | Metaphysics, Psychology |
| Author(s) | Hamid Taieb |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| This paper aims to address a problem faced by any philosopher who treats universals as intentional objects: in defending this thesis, aren't they committed to the view that each of us thinks an individuated universal, since each of us, when thinking of a universal, must have our own intentional object? This problem, which is mentioned by Brentano at the turn of the twentieth century, originated in the Middle Ages in debates initiated by Averroes about the nature of the intellect. It shows up in the later Aquinas, due to his theory of the verbum, which might be interpreted as a sort of intentional object, but it is solved without too much difficulty. It is later found in Hervaeus Natalis, who does accept intentional objects; in contrast to Aquinas, it is not clear that Hervaeus has a good solution to the problem. After first presenting the problem, this paper then turns to its medieval origins by analyzing its occurrence in Aquinas's criticism of Averroes. It then explains why Hervaeus has more difficulties than Aquinas in solving the problem. It concludes with a systematic reflection on the various possible solutions to the problem. |
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| Title | L’intellect - Compendium du livre De l’âme |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | undefined |
| Date | 2022 |
| Publication Place | Paris |
| Publisher | Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin |
| Series | Sic et Non |
| Categories | De anima, Psychology, Ibn Bāǧǧa, Commentary, Intellect |
| Author(s) | Averroes , Jean-Baptiste Brenet , David Wirmer |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Le Compendium du livre De l’âme d’Aristote (Muḫtaṣar Kitāb al-nafs) compte parmi les premières œuvres d’exégète d’Averroès. On en traduit ici le chapitre sur l’intellect qui contient l’essentiel des questions sur lesquelles le Commentateur reviendra dans toute son œuvre. Ce qui l’occupe est d’établir si l’acte de l’intellect humain est permanent ou bien intermittent, et plus largement de savoir si notre puissance rationnelle est elle-même éternelle ou bien engendrée et corruptible. L’auteur montre que nos concepts sont en vérité ambivalents et que s’ils sont en partie soustraits au temps par leur sens, leur rapport aux images leur confère une forme de potentialité. C’est sur cette puissance que l’accent est mis : quelle est la nature de la capacité de penser? quel peut-être son substrat? qu’est-ce qui la meut, et jusqu’où? L’édition du texte par David Wirmer montre qu’il fut plusieurs fois révisé et son intérêt est double. Il montre à la fois quelle fut la doctrine du jeune Averroès, disciple de son prédécesseur andalou Ibn Bāğğa (Avempace), et comment le Cordouan inlassablement critique devait juger bon de la réviser. Averroès est connu dans l’histoire comme l’auteur du Grand Commentaire du traité De l’âme. C’est dans ce texte du Compendium qu’on voit s’en profiler la doctrine. |
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| Title | Ibn Rushd on Knowledge, Pleasures, and Analogy |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2021 |
| Journal | Philosophy and Scienes in Muslim Contexts |
| Categories | Logic, Psychology, Metaphysics, Poetics, Rhetoric |
| Author(s) | Fouad Ben Ahmed |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Online Access | https://philosmus.org/en/archives/894 |
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| Title | A Theory of Judgment in Averroes |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2021 |
| Journal | Arab Studies Quarterly |
| Volume | 43 |
| Issue | No. 3 (Summer 2021) |
| Pages | 268–281 |
| Categories | Linguistics, Politics, Rhetoric, Law, Psychology |
| Author(s) | Rayyan Dabbous |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Sources et origines de la théorie de l’intellect d’Averroès (II) |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2021 |
| Journal | Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph |
| Volume | 68 |
| Pages | 135–232 |
| Categories | Psychology, Tradition and Reception, Influence, De anima |
| Author(s) | Marc Geoffroy |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Cette contribution constitue la deuxième partie de la publication, avec quelques mises à jour et aménagements, d’une thèse de doctorat soutenue sous le même intitulé à l’École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris, en décembre 2009 et dont la première partie a été publiée dans les MUSJ 66 (2015-2016). L’auteur entend, selon une perspective strictement historique, déterminer les sources sur lesquelles s’est appuyé, entre les années cinquante et soixante du xiie siècle (première période de son travail philosophique), Averroès (Ibn Rušd, m. 1198) pour concevoir sa théorie de l’âme et de l’intellect, en référence aux sources péripatéticiennes auxquelles il pouvait avoir accès de son temps. Pour celui qui vaut dans la tradition philosophique comme le « Commentateur » d’Aristote par excellence, il peut paraître étonnant qu’Averroès n’ait eu d’emblée accès qu’à des sources indirectes relatives à la théorie de l’âme du Stagirite, mais ce fut pourtant le cas, comme l’auteur le montre ici. On voit en effet que la doctrine de l’âme exposée par Averroès est essentiellement structurée par l’enseignement d’Alexandre d’Aphrodise et par son De anima. L’aristotélisme d’Averroès apparaît de ce point de vue comme un aristotélisme sans Aristote, et ceci allait refluer de manière décisive sur l’exégèse d’Averroès une fois qu’il se serait emparé de l’écrit du Stagirite, notamment et surtout pour expliquer les chapitres 4 et 5 du livre III du De anima (sur l’intellect en puissance et l’intellect agent). |
| Online Access | https://journals.usj.edu.lb/melanges/article/view/546 |
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| Title | Irrtum - Error - Erreur |
| Type | Edited Book |
| Language | undefined |
| Date | 2018 |
| Publication Place | Berlin; Boston |
| Publisher | De Gruyter |
| Series | Miscellanea Mediaevalia |
| Volume | 40 |
| Categories | Science, Medicine, Psychology, Politics, Law |
| Author(s) | Andreas Speer , Maxime Mauriège |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The volume is a comprehensive evaluation of epistemic, practical, veridical issues from the perspective of every kind of failure, disruption, or confusion that comes under the general rubric of “error.” The analysis is not limited to the element of negativity, but rather, an inquiry about the extent that error can be transformed into a starting point or precondition for successful epistemic practices. |
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| Title | "... set hominem anima". Thomas d'Aquin et la pensée humaine comme acte du composé |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2006 |
| Journal | Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph |
| Volume | 59 |
| Pages | 69–96 |
| Categories | Psychology, Thomas |
| Author(s) | Jean-Baptiste Brenet |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | 'Passio', 'transmutatio', 'receptio'. 'Averroès sur l'analogie de l'intellect et du sens dans le(s) commentaire(s) au De anima d'Aristote |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | French |
| Date | 2006 |
| Published in | Écriture et réécriture des textes philosophiques médiévaux. Volume d'hommage offert à Colette Sirat |
| Pages | 137–184 |
| Categories | Psychology, De anima |
| Author(s) | Marc Geoffroy |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | A Comparative Study of the Relationship between the Material and the Active Intellect from the Perspective of Averroes and Al-Farabi |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2015 |
| Journal | Journal of Islamic Studies and Culture |
| Volume | 3 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 39-41 |
| Categories | Psychology, De anima |
| Author(s) | Davoud Zandi |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The relationship between the material intellect and the active intellect is an important issue in the realm of epistemology in Islamic philosophy. The aim of the present study is to compare the views of Averroes and Al-Farabi in this regard. Reviewing their theories, this study shows that both the mentioned philosophers agree upon the fact that the Active Intellect exists apart from human soul and acts as a creator of forms, but as for the relationship between the Material Intellect and the Active Intellect, there is disagreement between Averroes and Al-Farabi. Averroes believes that in some aspects both of them are the same yet they are different in some other aspects, namely regarding their acts they are different because the active intellect acts as creator of forms while the material intellect is just receiver of the forms. Nevertheless, they are the same, since the material intellect achieves perfection through the active intellect, whereas in Al-Farabi’s opinion, ontologically speaking; the material intellect and the active intellect are different in their existence. The material intellect in al-Farabi’s perspective is one of the stages of human intellect that is inherent in human soul, whereas the active intellect is an immaterial substance that exists apart from human soul. |
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| Title | A Theory of Judgment in Averroes |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2021 |
| Journal | Arab Studies Quarterly |
| Volume | 43 |
| Issue | No. 3 (Summer 2021) |
| Pages | 268–281 |
| Categories | Linguistics, Politics, Rhetoric, Law, Psychology |
| Author(s) | Rayyan Dabbous |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | A propos de l'intellect agent |
| Type | Article |
| Language | French |
| Date | 1981 |
| Journal | Revue des études islamiques |
| Volume | 49 |
| Pages | 103–112 |
| Categories | Psychology |
| Author(s) | Jean-Claude Vadet |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"1093","_score":null,"_source":{"id":1093,"authors_free":[{"id":1268,"entry_id":1093,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1115,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Jean-Claude Vadet","free_first_name":"Jean-Claude","free_last_name":"Vadet","norm_person":{"id":1115,"first_name":"Jean-Claude","last_name":"Vadet","full_name":"Jean-Claude Vadet","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/151338647","viaf_url":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/67775742","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Jean-Claude Vadet"}}],"entry_title":"A propos de l'intellect agent","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"main_title":{"title":"A propos de l'intellect agent"},"abstract":null,"btype":3,"date":"1981","language":"French","online_url":null,"doi_url":null,"ti_url":null,"categories":[{"id":12,"category_name":"Psychology","link":"bib?categories[]=Psychology"}],"authors":[{"id":1115,"full_name":"Jean-Claude Vadet","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":1093,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Revue des \u00e9tudes islamiques","volume":"49","issue":null,"pages":"103\u2013112"}},"sort":["A propos de l'intellect agent"]}
| Title | Abstraction in al-Fārābī |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2006 |
| Journal | Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association |
| Volume | 80 |
| Pages | 151–168 |
| Categories | Psychology |
| Author(s) | Richard C. Taylor |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Abu-l-Walid Ibn Rushd (Averroes). Sobre el intelecto. Edició e introducción de Andrés Martínez Lorca |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | undefined |
| Date | 2004 |
| Publication Place | Madrid |
| Publisher | Trotta |
| Series | Al-Andalus |
| Categories | Psychology |
| Author(s) | Averroes , |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) | Andrés Martínez Lorca |
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| Title | Alberts Seelen- und Intellektlehre |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | German |
| Date | 1981 |
| Published in | Albert der Große. Seine Zeit, sein Werk, seine Wirkung |
| Pages | 104–115 |
| Categories | Psychology |
| Author(s) | Ingrid Craemer-Ruegenberg |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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| Title | Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroes on Intellect. Their Cosmologies, Theories of the Active Intellect, and Theories of Human Intellect |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | undefined |
| Date | 1992 |
| Publication Place | New York, Oxford |
| Publisher | Oxford University Press |
| Categories | Psychology, Avicenna, al-Fārābī |
| Author(s) | Herbert A. Davidson |
| Publisher(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
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