Category
Why Did Fourteenth-Century Jews Turn to Alghazali's Account of Natural Science?, 2001
By: Steven Harvey
Title Why Did Fourteenth-Century Jews Turn to Alghazali's Account of Natural Science?
Type Article
Language English
Date 2001
Journal The Jewish Quarterly Review
Volume 91
Issue No. 3/4
Pages 359-376
Categories al-Ġazālī, Natural Philosophy, Science
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Apostasie und Toleranz im Islam. Die Entwicklungen zu al-Ġazālīs Urteil gegen die Philosophie und die Reaktionen der Philosophen, 2000
By: Frank Griffel
Title Apostasie und Toleranz im Islam. Die Entwicklungen zu al-Ġazālīs Urteil gegen die Philosophie und die Reaktionen der Philosophen
Type Monograph
Language undefined
Date 2000
Publication Place Leiden, Boston, Köln
Publisher Brill
Series Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science
Volume 40
Categories al-Ġazālī, Theology
Author(s) Frank Griffel
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Causality and Occasionalism. A Study of the Theories of the Philosophers, Al-Ghazālī and Ibn Rushd, 1998
By: Yusuf Rahman
Title Causality and Occasionalism. A Study of the Theories of the Philosophers, Al-Ghazālī and Ibn Rushd
Type Article
Language English
Date 1998
Journal Hamdard islamicus
Volume 21
Pages 23–31
Categories Metaphysics, al-Ġazālī
Author(s) Yusuf Rahman
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Ghazālī and Averroes on Meaning, 1996
By: Oliver Leaman
Title Ghazālī and Averroes on Meaning
Type Article
Language English
Date 1996
Journal Al-Masāq. Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean
Volume 9
Issue 1
Pages 179–189
Categories Logic, al-Ġazālī
Author(s) Oliver Leaman
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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إشكالية استمرار الدرس الفلسفي الرشدي. حول أثر الغزالي في المدرسة الرشدية بالمغرب, 1996
By: ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al- Ṣaġīr
Title إشكالية استمرار الدرس الفلسفي الرشدي. حول أثر الغزالي في المدرسة الرشدية بالمغرب
Transcription ʾIškālīyat istimrār al-dars al-falsafī al-rušdī. Ḥaula aṯar al-Ġazālī fī al-madrasa al-rušdī bi-l-maġrib
Translation The Decline of the Averroist Lesson. The Impact of al-Ghazālī on Maghrebi Averroism
Type Article
Language Arabic
Date 1996
Journal Alif. Journal of Comparative Poetics
Volume 16
Pages 77–88
Categories Influence, al-Ġazālī
Author(s) ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al- Ṣaġīr
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"459","_score":null,"_source":{"id":459,"authors_free":[{"id":602,"entry_id":459,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":761,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"\u02bfAbd al-Ma\u01e7\u012bd al- \u1e62a\u0121\u012br","free_first_name":"\u02bfAbd al-Ma\u01e7\u012bd al-","free_last_name":"\u1e62a\u0121\u012br","norm_person":{"id":761,"first_name":"\u02bfAbd al-Ma\u01e7\u012bd al-","last_name":"\u1e62a\u0121\u012br","full_name":"\u02bfAbd al-Ma\u01e7\u012bd al- \u1e62a\u0121\u012br","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/103661557","viaf_url":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/118676435","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=\u02bfAbd al-Ma\u01e7\u012bd al- \u1e62a\u0121\u012br"}}],"entry_title":"\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a. \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628","title_transcript":"\u02beI\u0161k\u0101l\u012byat istimr\u0101r al-dars al-falsaf\u012b al-ru\u0161d\u012b. \u1e24aula a\u1e6far al-\u0120az\u0101l\u012b f\u012b al-madrasa al-ru\u0161d\u012b bi-l-ma\u0121rib","title_translation":"The Decline of the Averroist Lesson. The Impact of al-Ghaz\u0101l\u012b on Maghrebi Averroism","main_title":{"title":"\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a. \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628"},"abstract":null,"btype":3,"date":"1996","language":"Arabic","online_url":null,"doi_url":null,"ti_url":null,"categories":[{"id":24,"category_name":"Influence","link":"bib?categories[]=Influence"},{"id":14,"category_name":"al-\u0120az\u0101l\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-\u0120az\u0101l\u012b"}],"authors":[{"id":761,"full_name":"\u02bfAbd al-Ma\u01e7\u012bd al- \u1e62a\u0121\u012br","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":459,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Alif. Journal of Comparative Poetics","volume":"16","issue":null,"pages":"77\u201388"}},"sort":[1996]}

Ibn Rushd's Response to al-Ghazālī's Refutations of the Philosophers' Conception of an Agent in the Theory of Emanation, 1993
By: Mohammed Yusoff Hussain
Title Ibn Rushd's Response to al-Ghazālī's Refutations of the Philosophers' Conception of an Agent in the Theory of Emanation
Type Article
Language English
Date 1993
Journal Hamdard islamicus
Volume 16
Pages 25–39
Categories Metaphysics, al-Ġazālī
Author(s) Mohammed Yusoff Hussain
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Ibn Rushd versus Al-Ghazālī. Reconsideration of a Polemic, 1992
By: Josep Puig Montada
Title Ibn Rushd versus Al-Ghazālī. Reconsideration of a Polemic
Type Article
Language English
Date 1992
Journal The Muslim World
Volume 82
Pages 113–131
Categories al-Ġazālī
Author(s) Josep Puig Montada
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Al-Ġazali i Ibn Rušd. Mišljenje u svjetlosti vjere i razuma, 1991
By: Daniel Bučan, Daniel Bučan
Title Al-Ġazali i Ibn Rušd. Mišljenje u svjetlosti vjere i razuma
Translation Algazel and Averroes. Their thought in the light of faith and reason
Type Monograph
Language undefined
Date 1991
Publication Place Zagreb
Publisher Hrvatsko filozofsko društvo
Series Biblioteka Filozofska istraživanja
Volume 38
Categories Theology, al-Ġazālī
Author(s) Daniel Bučan , Daniel Bučan
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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The Medieval Islamic Controversy Between Philosophy and Orthodoxy. Iǧmāʿ and Taʾwīl in the Conflict between Al-Ghazali and Ibn Rushd, 1989
By: Iysa A. Bello
Title The Medieval Islamic Controversy Between Philosophy and Orthodoxy. Iǧmāʿ and Taʾwīl in the Conflict between Al-Ghazali and Ibn Rushd
Type Monograph
Language undefined
Date 1989
Publication Place Leiden
Publisher Brill
Series Islamic Philosophy and Theology
Volume 3
Categories Theology, al-Ġazālī, Relation between Philosophy and Theology
Author(s) Iysa A. Bello
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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السلطة السياسية والسلطة العلمية. الغزالى، ابن تومرت، ابن رشد, 1988
By: ʿAlī ʾUmlīl
Title السلطة السياسية والسلطة العلمية. الغزالى، ابن تومرت، ابن رشد
Transcription Al-sulṭa al-siyāsīya wa-l-sulṭa al-ʿilmīya. Al-Ġazālī, Ibn Tūmart, Ibn Rušd
Translation The political and the scientific power: Algazel, Ibn Tūmart, Averroes
Type Book Section
Language Arabic
Date 1988
Published in ʾAbū Ḥāmid al-Ġazālī. Dirāsāt fī fikrihī wa-ʿasrihī wa-taʾṯīrihī
Pages 11–31
Categories Biography, al-Ġazālī
Author(s) ʿAlī ʾUmlīl
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"1190","_score":null,"_source":{"id":1190,"authors_free":[{"id":1372,"entry_id":1190,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1170,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"\u02bfAl\u012b \u02beUml\u012bl","free_first_name":"\u02bfAl\u012b","free_last_name":"\u02beUml\u012bl","norm_person":{"id":1170,"first_name":"\u02bfAl\u012b","last_name":"\u02beUml\u012bl","full_name":"\u02bfAl\u012b \u02beUml\u012bl","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1011857359","viaf_url":"https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/9920246","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=\u02bfAl\u012b \u02beUml\u012bl"}}],"entry_title":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f","title_transcript":"Al-sul\u1e6da al-siy\u0101s\u012bya wa-l-sul\u1e6da al-\u02bfilm\u012bya. Al-\u0120az\u0101l\u012b, Ibn T\u016bmart, Ibn Ru\u0161d","title_translation":"The political and the scientific power: Algazel, Ibn T\u016bmart, Averroes","main_title":{"title":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0634\u062f"},"abstract":null,"btype":2,"date":"1988","language":"Arabic","online_url":null,"doi_url":null,"ti_url":null,"categories":[{"id":13,"category_name":"Biography","link":"bib?categories[]=Biography"},{"id":14,"category_name":"al-\u0120az\u0101l\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-\u0120az\u0101l\u012b"}],"authors":[{"id":1170,"full_name":"\u02bfAl\u012b \u02beUml\u012bl","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":1190,"section_of":144,"pages":"11\u201331","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":144,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"reference","type":4,"language":null,"title":"\u02beAb\u016b \u1e24\u0101mid al-\u0120az\u0101l\u012b. Dir\u0101s\u0101t f\u012b fikrih\u012b wa-\u02bfasrih\u012b wa-ta\u02be\u1e6f\u012brih\u012b","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"short_title":null,"has_no_author":0,"volume":null,"date":"1988","edition_no":null,"free_date":"1988","abstract":null,"republication_of":null,"online_url":null,"online_resources":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":null,"doi_url":null,"book":{"id":144,"pubplace":"Rabat","publisher":null,"series":"Nadaw\u0101t wa-mun\u0101\u1e93ar\u0101t","volume":"9","edition_no":null,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null}}},"article":null},"sort":[1988]}

The Conflict over the world's pre-eternity in the tahafuts of Al-Ghazali and Ibn Rushd, 1987
By: Michael E. Marmura
Title The Conflict over the world's pre-eternity in the tahafuts of Al-Ghazali and Ibn Rushd
Type Monograph
Language English
Date 1987
Publication Place Ann Arbor
Publisher University Microfilms International
Categories al-Ġazālī, Theology, Relation between Philosophy and Theology
Author(s) Michael E. Marmura
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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The Debate about God’s Simplicity: Reason and Spirit in the Eighth Discussion of al-Ghazali’s Tahafut al-falasifa and Ibn Rushd’s Tahafut t-tahafut, 2011
By: Ilona Kock
Title The Debate about God’s Simplicity: Reason and Spirit in the Eighth Discussion of al-Ghazali’s Tahafut al-falasifa and Ibn Rushd’s Tahafut t-tahafut
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2011
Published in Reason, Spirit and the Sacral in the New Enlightenment. Islamic Metaphysics Revived and Recent Phenomenology of Life
Pages 157–183
Categories al-Ġazālī, Theology
Author(s) Ilona Kock
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Against a more or less categorically fixed understanding of al-Ghazali and ibn Rushd in European discourse that considers the first to be an orthodox theological polemic, the second a rationally orientated freethinker or Aristolelian, the dabate about God’s simplicity enables to comprehend the authors more differentiated. It allows glimpses into the complex cosmologies, philosophies and debates important in the 11. and 12. century. Finally it renders al-Ghazali’s and ibn Rushd’s positions to be quite conciliatory: philosophy and religion, reason and spirit form a harmony; they are closest kins and together allow society to unfold and enlarge its knowledge as well as to preserve its moral constitution.

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The First as Pure Act and Causality: The Case of Ibn Rushd, 2020
By: Özgür Koca
Title The First as Pure Act and Causality: The Case of Ibn Rushd
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2020
Published in Islam, causality, and freedom: from the medieval to the modern era
Pages 83–99
Categories Metaphysics, Neoplatonism, Avicenna, al-Ġazālī
Author(s) Özgür Koca
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The fourth chapter examines Ibn Rushd’s account of causality. It will be argued that Ibn Rushd’s theory of causality comes very close to Neo-Platonistic participatory accounts, despite his strong Aristotelian tendencies. Ibn Rushd, like Ibn Sīnā, finds the basis of causal efficacy of entities in their participation in the pure existence-act of the First. The most important implication of this understanding of causality is that despite the occasionalist critique that we do not and cannot observe a necessary connection between cause and effect, for Ibn Rushd, the moment one defines existence as pure act, it metaphysically makes more sense to accept causal efficacy of entities, for they participate in the pure existence-act of the First. The chapter also examines the differences between Ibn Sīnā and Ibn Rushd that stem from the latter’s efforts to address some of Ghazālī’s challenges. Ibn Rushd agrees with Ghazālī in that plurality can emanate from the First without emanationist intermediation and solely based on the nature-capacity-form of beings. This view establishes a closer connection between the First’s existence-act and the world than Ibn Sīnā’s metaphysics allows.

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The Importance of History and Perspective in Understanding Mediæval Philosophy: The Case of Maimonides’ Response to the Question of Eternity, 2023
By: S. M. Hadi Gerami
Title The Importance of History and Perspective in Understanding Mediæval Philosophy: The Case of Maimonides’ Response to the Question of Eternity
Type Article
Language English
Date 2023
Journal The Maghreb Review
Volume 40
Issue 3
Pages 289-307
Categories Relation between Philosophy and Theology, Maimonides, al-Ġazālī
Author(s) S. M. Hadi Gerami
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The study aims to show how taking history and perspective into consideration could help in understanding mediæval philosophy. To that end, in spite of a philosophical assumption which usually considers that there is no connection between eternity and creation, the paper assumes that Maimonides planned to establish a distinct response which was neither creation nor eternity. Investigating Maimonides’ perspective will be approached in two ways. Firstly, through the distinction between Maimonides, on one hand and theologians and philosophers on the other will be discussed from an intellectual point of view. Al-Ghazālī will be compared to Maimonides to show that, despite initial impressions, they differ substantially from each other on this issue. It will also be shown how Maimonides differentiated his discourse from that of the Greek philosophers. It will firstly be shown here that Maimonides’ response to the question of eternity adopts a different position from that of the classical theologians and the ancient philosophers. Secondly, the historicity of Maimonides’ discourse, or whether anyone else shared Maimonides’ conciliatory approach, will be examined. It will be shown that Averroes has the highest affinity with Maimonides in this regard. This will result in recognition of the fact that Maimonides’ “conciliatory approach” was shared with some other mediæval philosophers such as Averroes. Ultimately, it will be explained how Maimonides’ complicated concept of eternity can be better understood and justified if one takes perspective and historical discourse into consideration, showing that he was someone who tried to incorporate “conciliatory discourse” into mediæval philosophy.

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The Incoherence of the Incoherence, On the Eternity of the World, 2010
By: Averroes,
Title The Incoherence of the Incoherence, On the Eternity of the World
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2010
Published in Philosophy in the Middle Ages. The Christian, Islamic and Jewish Traditions
Pages 324–333
Categories al-Ġazālī, Theology, Cosmology
Author(s) Averroes ,
Publisher(s)
Translator(s) David C. Reisman

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The Influence of al-Ghazzali on the Hermeneutics of Ibn Rushd, 2011
By: Mesut Okumus
Title The Influence of al-Ghazzali on the Hermeneutics of Ibn Rushd
Type Article
Language English
Date 2011
Journal Der Islam
Volume 86
Issue 2
Pages 286–311
Categories al-Ġazālī, Influence
Author(s) Mesut Okumus
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
This article is intended to illustrate that the hermeneutics of al-Ghazzali influenced Ibn Rushd in a certain degree. One can come across a number of contexts in the works of Ibn Rushd such as Tahafut al-tahafut, Fasl al-maqal and al-Kashf,in which he criticizes al-Ghazzali in relation to the interpretation of religious texts. However, one can notice that Ibn Rushd is deeply influenced by the views of al-Ghazzali on the matter of hermeneutics, especially concerning the definition of interpretation, the categorization of the ambiguous wordings in the religious texts as well as the classification of the groups of people authorized to fulfill the task of interpretation. In fact, Ibn Rushd’s threefold graduation of people as the masses, thetheologians, and the demonstrative people was masterminded and introduced by al-Ghazzali. In addition, it is from al-Ghazzali and from his interpretation of the125th verse of Surat al-Nahl that Ibn Rushd borrowed the suggestion that as regards the interpretation of religious texts, each of these three groups should adopt one of the three methods described as rhetorical, dialectical, and demonstrative. Another important context where Ibn Rushd is clearly under the influence of al-Ghazzali is the issue how the lawful method of interpretation is to be applied to the religious texts. Regarding this issue, he took up al-Ghazzali’s fivefold categorization of“being” as essential existence, sensual existence, imaginative existence, mental existence and analogical existence, suggesting to interpret the religious texts on the basis of this categorization.

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The Medieval Islamic Controversy Between Philosophy and Orthodoxy. Iǧmāʿ and Taʾwīl in the Conflict between Al-Ghazali and Ibn Rushd, 1989
By: Iysa A. Bello
Title The Medieval Islamic Controversy Between Philosophy and Orthodoxy. Iǧmāʿ and Taʾwīl in the Conflict between Al-Ghazali and Ibn Rushd
Type Monograph
Language undefined
Date 1989
Publication Place Leiden
Publisher Brill
Series Islamic Philosophy and Theology
Volume 3
Categories Theology, al-Ġazālī, Relation between Philosophy and Theology
Author(s) Iysa A. Bello
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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The Philosophers al-Gazālī and Averroes on Necessary Connection and the Problem of the Miraculous, 1981
By: Barry S. Kogan
Title The Philosophers al-Gazālī and Averroes on Necessary Connection and the Problem of the Miraculous
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 1981
Published in Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism
Pages 113–132
Categories al-Ġazālī
Author(s) Barry S. Kogan
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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The Pilgrimage of Philosophy. A Festschrift for Charles E. Butterworth, 2019
By: René M. Paddags (Ed.), Waseem El-Rayes (Ed.), Gregory A. McBrayer (Ed.)
Title The Pilgrimage of Philosophy. A Festschrift for Charles E. Butterworth
Type Edited Book
Language English
Date 2019
Publication Place South Bend, IN
Publisher St. Augustine’s Press
Categories Politics, Theology, al-Fārābī, al-Ġazālī, Relation between Philosophy and Theology
Author(s) René M. Paddags , Waseem El-Rayes , Gregory A. McBrayer
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
This book intends to introduce readers to the work of Charles E. Butterworth, and thereby to introduce students to Medieval islamic political philosophy, of which Butterworth is one of the world's most prominent scholars. In a wider sense, the Festschrift introduces its readers to the current debates on Medieval islamic political philosophy, related as they are to the questions of the relationship between islam and Christianity, the Medieval to the Modern world, and reason and revelation. Butterworth's scholarship spans six decades, primarily translating, editing, and interpreting the works of the Muslim political philosopher Alfarabi (d. 950) and Averroes (Ibn Rushd, d. 1198). He began his studies of Muslim political philosophy at a time when the Middle East and islam did not have the political salience they have acquired in more recent years. instead, Butterworth&;s reason for engaging with islam was rooted in the question of the relationship between reason and revelation. While one possible answer was pursued in the Christian, latin West, the islamic borderlands of Greek, Roman, and Muslim civilization offered another. By exploring Averroes, who provides the possibility of an Aristotelian-Islamic political philosophy, and Alfarabi, who pursues a Platonic-islamic political philosophy, Butterworth showed how islamic civilization provided a viable alternative to the theologico-political question reason v revelation, as well as serving as an inspiration to the latin West.

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The Relationship between Averroes and al-Ghazālī. As it presents itself in Averroes' early writings, especially in his commentary on al-Ghazālī's Mustaṣfā, 2002
By: Frank Griffel
Title The Relationship between Averroes and al-Ghazālī. As it presents itself in Averroes' early writings, especially in his commentary on al-Ghazālī's Mustaṣfā
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2002
Published in Medieval Philosophy and the Classical Tradition
Pages 51–63
Categories Biography, al-Ġazālī
Author(s) Frank Griffel
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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