Author 260
Type of Media
The Virtue Ethics of Islamic Philosophers: Averroes's View on Harmony of Religion and Philosophy, 2024
By: Amir Saemi
Title The Virtue Ethics of Islamic Philosophers: Averroes's View on Harmony of Religion and Philosophy
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2024
Published in Morality and Revelation in Islamic Thought and beyond: A New Problem of Evil
Pages 113 - 120
Categories Ethics, Theology
Author(s) Amir Saemi
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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“Incepit quasi a se”, 2023
By: Amos Bertolacci
Title “Incepit quasi a se”
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions
Pages 408-435
Categories Aristotle, Commentary, De anima, Influence, Avicenna, Avicenna
Author(s) Amos Bertolacci
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The article has three interrelated aims. First, to analyze a crucial passage of the Long Commentary on the De Anima by Averroes (Ibn Rušd, d. 1198 CE), one of the most informative criticisms of Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā, d. 1037 CE) devised by the Commentator, unraveling its details by means of similar passages in other Aristotelian commentaries and other works by Averroes. Second, to emphasize the historical importance of this passage as a precious testimonium of the entrance of Avicenna’s philosophy in Andalusia, documenting that, in this text and in other quotations, Averroes’ knowledge of Avicenna’s thought is probably based on a given summa by Avicenna, the Kitāb al-Šifāʾ (Book of the Cure, or: of the Healing), apparently known first-hand. Finally, to advance the possibility that, in what he says about Avicenna in the passage under discussion, Averroes may depend on the Introduction of the Kitāb al-Šifāʾ authored by al-Ǧūzǧānī.

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Ibn Taymiyya on Ibn Rushd in the Darʾtaʿa rudal-ʿaql wa-l-naql (with Special Attention to His Quotations of Ibn Rushd’s Tahafut al-tahafut), 2023
By: Jules Janssens
Title Ibn Taymiyya on Ibn Rushd in the Darʾtaʿa rudal-ʿaql wa-l-naql (with Special Attention to His Quotations of Ibn Rushd’s Tahafut al-tahafut)
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions
Pages 147-178
Categories Relation between Philosophy and Theology, Tradition and Reception, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Jules Janssens
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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How Light Makes Color Visible. The Reception of Some Greco-Arabic Theories (Aristotle, Avicenna, Averroes) in Medieval Paris, 1240s–50s, 2023
By: Therese Scarpelli Cory
Title How Light Makes Color Visible. The Reception of Some Greco-Arabic Theories (Aristotle, Avicenna, Averroes) in Medieval Paris, 1240s–50s
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions
Pages 181-224
Categories Aristotle, Avicenna, De anima, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Therese Scarpelli Cory
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroist by Contagion? Marsilius of Padua on civilis scientia, 2023
By: Joerg Alejandro Tellkamp
Title Averroist by Contagion? Marsilius of Padua on civilis scientia
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions
Pages 436-449
Categories Averroism, Latin Averroism, Politics
Author(s) Joerg Alejandro Tellkamp
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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The volume\u2019s focus on \"source-based contextualism\" demonstrates an appreciation for the rich diversity of thought found in the premodern period, while revealing methodological challenges raised by the historical study of premodern philosophy.","republication_of":0,"online_url":"","online_resources":null,"translation_of":"0","new_edition_of":"0","is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":"","doi_url":"","book":{"id":5606,"pubplace":"New York","publisher":"Routledge ","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"persons":[{"id":6507,"entry_id":5606,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1684,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Katja Krause","free_first_name":"Katja ","free_last_name":"Krause","norm_person":{"id":1684,"first_name":"Katja","last_name":"Krause","full_name":"Katja Krause","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1077759428","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null}},{"id":6508,"entry_id":5606,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1727,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Luis Xavier L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","free_first_name":"Luis Xavier","free_last_name":" L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","norm_person":{"id":1727,"first_name":"Luis Xavier","last_name":"L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","full_name":"Luis Xavier L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/103191773X","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null}}]}},"article":null},"sort":[2023]}

Why the Prime Mover Is Not an Exclusively Final Cause. Alexander of Aphrodisias and Averroes, 2023
By: David Twetten
Title Why the Prime Mover Is Not an Exclusively Final Cause. Alexander of Aphrodisias and Averroes
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions
Pages 29-55
Categories Metaphysics, Alexander of Aphrodisias
Author(s) David Twetten
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes’ Commentaries on Book 7 of Aristotle’s Physics, 2023
By: Josep Puig Montada
Title Averroes’ Commentaries on Book 7 of Aristotle’s Physics
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions
Pages 114-129
Categories Physics, Aristotle, Commentary
Author(s) Josep Puig Montada
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes on Imagination (takhayyul) as a Cognitive Power, 2023
By: Deborah L. Black
Title Averroes on Imagination (takhayyul) as a Cognitive Power
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions
Pages 341-360
Categories Natural Philosophy, De anima, Commentary
Author(s) Deborah L. Black
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Ibn Miskawayh, Ibn Rushd, and Al-Fārābī, 2023
By: G. Hussein Rassool, Mugheera M. Luqman
Title Ibn Miskawayh, Ibn Rushd, and Al-Fārābī
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Foundations of Islāmic Psychology. From Classical Scholars to Contemporary Thinkers
Pages 48-55
Categories al-Fārābī, Psychology
Author(s) G. Hussein Rassool , Mugheera M. Luqman
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
In this particular chapter, three physicians Ibn Miskawayh, Ibn Rushd, and Al-Fārābī, who made some contributions, directly and indirectly, to the development of psychology, are presented. Ibn Miskawayh can be regarded as one of the earliest positive, educational, cognitive psychologists for his treatise on Tahdhīb al-Akhlāq. In positive psychology, he showed how to reach supreme happiness and its virtues. To reach such state, psychological conditions and environmental factors can shape the supreme happiness of human being. The development of a theory of psychotherapy has also been attributed to Ibn Miskawayh and introduced what is now known as "self-reinforcement" and response cost. Ibn Rushd's views on psychology are most fully discussed in his Talkhis Kitab al-Nafs as it "surpasses other sciences, except for divine science." Ibn Rushd described three-fold hierarchy of learning. Ibn Rushd argued that we experience health and illness, and that religious texts contain important information as to how we should behave. What is remarkable with Ibn Rushd is that he examined critically diverse views and argued that all these views are acceptable from different perspectives. Al Fārābī in his Ārāʾ Ahl al-Madīnah al-Fāḍilah describes several principles of social psychology using invented exemplars. Al-Fārābī suggested that the perfect human being has both theoretical virtue and practical moral virtues. At the heart of Al-Farabi's political philosophy is the concept of happiness in which people cooperate to gain contentment. Al-Fārābī used observable realities and experimentation based on clear evidence even though relied on scriptural sources for his intellectual discourse. Al-Fārābī wrote on dreams and explained the distinction between dream Interpretation and the nature and trigger of dreams. His writings on the therapeutic effect of music on the soul later influenced modern mental health and treatment.

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The development of a theory of psychotherapy has also been attributed to Ibn Miskawayh and introduced what is now known as \"self-reinforcement\" and response cost. Ibn Rushd's views on psychology are most fully discussed in his Talkhis Kitab al-Nafs as it \"surpasses other sciences, except for divine science.\" Ibn Rushd described three-fold hierarchy of learning. Ibn Rushd argued that we experience health and illness, and that religious texts contain important information as to how we should behave. What is remarkable with Ibn Rushd is that he examined critically diverse views and argued that all these views are acceptable from different perspectives. Al F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b in his \u0100r\u0101\u02be Ahl al-Mad\u012bnah al-F\u0101\u1e0dilah describes several principles of social psychology using invented exemplars. Al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b suggested that the perfect human being has both theoretical virtue and practical moral virtues. At the heart of Al-Farabi's political philosophy is the concept of happiness in which people cooperate to gain contentment. Al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b used observable realities and experimentation based on clear evidence even though relied on scriptural sources for his intellectual discourse. Al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b wrote on dreams and explained the distinction between dream Interpretation and the nature and trigger of dreams. His writings on the therapeutic effect of music on the soul later influenced modern mental health and treatment.","btype":2,"date":"2023","language":"English","online_url":"","doi_url":"10.4324\/9781003181415-7","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":28,"category_name":"al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b","link":"bib?categories[]=al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b"},{"id":12,"category_name":"Psychology","link":"bib?categories[]=Psychology"}],"authors":[{"id":1854,"full_name":"G. Hussein Rassool","role":1},{"id":903,"full_name":"","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":5596,"section_of":5595,"pages":"48-55","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":5595,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"bibliography","type":1,"language":"en","title":"Foundations of Isl\u0101mic Psychology. From Classical Scholars to Contemporary Thinkers","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2023","edition_no":null,"free_date":null,"abstract":"Foundations of Isl\u0101mic Psychology: From Classical Scholars to Contemporary Thinkers examines the history of Isl\u0101mic psychology from the Isl\u0101mic Golden age through the early 21st century, giving a thorough look into Isl\u0101mic psychology\u2019s origins, Isl\u0101mic philosophy and theology, and key developments in Isl\u0101mic psychology.\r\n\r\nIn tracing psychology from its origins in early civilisations, ancient philosophy, and religions to the modern discipline of psychology, this book integrates overarching psychological principles and ideas that have shaped the global history of Isl\u0101mic psychology. It examines the legacy of psychology from an Isl\u0101mic perspective, looking at the contributions of early Isl\u0101mic classical scholars and contemporary psychologists, and to introduce how the history of Isl\u0101mic philosophy and sciences has contributed to the development of classical and modern Isl\u0101mic psychology from its founding to the present. With each chapter covering a key thinker or moment, and also covering the globalisation of psychology, the Isl\u0101misation of knowledge, and the decolonisation of psychology, the work critically evaluates the effects of the globalisation of psychology and its lasting impact on indigenous culture.\r\n\r\nThis book aims to engage and inspire students taking undergraduate and graduate courses on Isl\u0101mic psychology, to recognise the power of history in the academic studies of Isl\u0101mic psychology, to connect history to the present and the future, and to think critically. It is also ideal reading for researchers and those undertaking continuing professional development in Isl\u0101mic psychology, psychotherapy, and counselling.","republication_of":0,"online_url":"","online_resources":null,"translation_of":"0","new_edition_of":"0","is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":"","doi_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003181415","book":{"id":5595,"pubplace":"London ","publisher":"Routledge","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"persons":[{"id":6494,"entry_id":5595,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1854,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"G. Hussein Rassool","free_first_name":"G. Hussein","free_last_name":"Rassool","norm_person":{"id":1854,"first_name":"G. Hussein","last_name":" Rassool","full_name":"G. 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Unfounded Assumptions Reassessing the Differences among Averroes’ Three Kinds of Aristotelian Commentaries, 2023
By: Steven Harvey
Title Unfounded Assumptions Reassessing the Differences among Averroes’ Three Kinds of Aristotelian Commentaries
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2023
Published in Contextualizing Premodern Philosophy: Explorations of the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin Traditions
Pages 471-494
Categories Commentary, Aristotle, Method
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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The contributions connect thinkers from antiquity through the Middle Ages and include philosophers from the three major monotheistic faiths\u2014Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.\r\n\r\nBy emphasizing premodern philosophy\u2019s shared textual roots in antiquity, particularly the writings of Plato and Aristotle, the volume highlights points of cross-pollination between different schools, cultures, and moments in premodern thought. Approaching the complex history of the premodern world in an accessible way, the editors organize the volume so as to underscore the difficulties the premodern period poses for scholars, while accentuating the fascinating interplay between the Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin philosophical traditions. The contributors cover many topics ranging from the aims of Aristotle\u2019s cosmos, the adoption of Aristotle\u2019s Organon by al-F\u0101r\u0101b\u012b, and the origins of the Plotiniana Arabica to the role of Ibn Gabirol\u2019s Fons vitae in the Latin West, the ways in which Islamic philosophy shaped thirteenth-century Latin conceptions of light, Roger Bacon\u2019s adaptation of Avicenna for use in his moral philosophy, and beyond. The volume\u2019s focus on \"source-based contextualism\" demonstrates an appreciation for the rich diversity of thought found in the premodern period, while revealing methodological challenges raised by the historical study of premodern philosophy.","republication_of":0,"online_url":"","online_resources":null,"translation_of":"0","new_edition_of":"0","is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":"","doi_url":"","book":{"id":5606,"pubplace":"New York","publisher":"Routledge ","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"persons":[{"id":6507,"entry_id":5606,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1684,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Katja Krause","free_first_name":"Katja ","free_last_name":"Krause","norm_person":{"id":1684,"first_name":"Katja","last_name":"Krause","full_name":"Katja Krause","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1077759428","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null}},{"id":6508,"entry_id":5606,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":1727,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Luis Xavier L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","free_first_name":"Luis Xavier","free_last_name":" L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","norm_person":{"id":1727,"first_name":"Luis Xavier","last_name":"L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","full_name":"Luis Xavier L\u00f3pez-Farjeat","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/103191773X","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null}}]}},"article":null},"sort":[2023]}

, 2001
By: Josep-Ignasi Saranyana
Title
Type Book Section
Language Spanish
Date 2001
Published in Breve historia de la filosofía medieval
Pages 62–67
Categories Surveys
Author(s) Josep-Ignasi Saranyana
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Yahyâ ibn ‘Adî and Averroes on Metaphysics Alpha Elatton, 2015
By: Peter Adamson
Title Yahyâ ibn ‘Adî and Averroes on Metaphysics Alpha Elatton
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2015
Published in Studies on Early Arabic Philosophy
Pages 343–373
Categories Aristotle, Metaphysics
Author(s) Peter Adamson
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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"For Truth Does Not Oppose Truth". The Agreement of Divine Law and Philosophy in Averroës' The Book of the Decisive Treatise (Kitab Fasl al-Maqal), 2010
By: Terence J. Kleven
Title "For Truth Does Not Oppose Truth". The Agreement of Divine Law and Philosophy in Averroës' The Book of the Decisive Treatise (Kitab Fasl al-Maqal)
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2010
Published in Political Islam from Muhammad to Ahmadinejad. Defenders, Detractors, and Definitions
Pages 225–236
Categories Theology, Law
Author(s) Terence J. Kleven
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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'Passio', 'transmutatio', 'receptio'. 'Averroès sur l'analogie de l'intellect et du sens dans le(s) commentaire(s) au De anima d'Aristote, 2006
By: Marc Geoffroy
Title 'Passio', 'transmutatio', 'receptio'. 'Averroès sur l'analogie de l'intellect et du sens dans le(s) commentaire(s) au De anima d'Aristote
Type Book Section
Language French
Date 2006
Published in Écriture et réécriture des textes philosophiques médiévaux. Volume d'hommage offert à Colette Sirat
Pages 137–184
Categories Psychology, De anima
Author(s) Marc Geoffroy
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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'Substance' in Averroes' Three Commentaries on the Metaphysics, 2009
By: Josep Puig Montada
Title 'Substance' in Averroes' Three Commentaries on the Metaphysics
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2009
Published in Florilegium mediaevale. Études offertes à Jacqueline Hamesse à l'occasion de son éméritat
Pages 491–524
Categories Metaphysics
Author(s) Josep Puig Montada
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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'Volo magis stare cum Avicenna'. Der Zufall zwischen Averroisten und Avicennisten, 2006
By: Sven K. Knebel
Title 'Volo magis stare cum Avicenna'. Der Zufall zwischen Averroisten und Avicennisten
Type Book Section
Language German
Date 2006
Published in Wissen über Grenzen. Arabisches Wissen und lateinisches Mittelalter
Pages 662–676
Categories Tradition and Reception, Avicenna
Author(s) Sven K. Knebel
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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A Case of "Author's Variant Readings" and the Textual History of Averroes' Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics , 2006
By: Mauro Zonta
Title A Case of "Author's Variant Readings" and the Textual History of Averroes' Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2006
Published in Écriture et réécriture des textes philosophiques médiévaux. Volume d'hommage offert à Colette Sirat
Pages 465–483
Categories Metaphysics
Author(s) Mauro Zonta
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"609","_score":null,"_source":{"id":609,"authors_free":[{"id":760,"entry_id":609,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":401,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Mauro Zonta","free_first_name":"Mauro","free_last_name":"Zonta","norm_person":{"id":401,"first_name":"Mauro","last_name":"Zonta","full_name":"Mauro Zonta","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1068186860","viaf_url":"http:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/51773741","db_url":"NULL","from_claudius":0,"link":"bib?authors[]=Mauro Zonta"}}],"entry_title":"A Case of \"Author's Variant Readings\" and the Textual History of Averroes' Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics\n ","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"main_title":{"title":"A Case of \"Author's Variant Readings\" and the Textual History of Averroes' Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics\n "},"abstract":null,"btype":2,"date":"2006","language":"English","online_url":null,"doi_url":null,"ti_url":null,"categories":[{"id":31,"category_name":"Metaphysics","link":"bib?categories[]=Metaphysics"}],"authors":[{"id":401,"full_name":"Mauro Zonta","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":{"id":609,"section_of":48,"pages":"465\u2013483","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":48,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":"reference","type":4,"language":null,"title":"\u00c9criture et r\u00e9\u00e9criture des textes philosophiques m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux. Volume d'hommage offert \u00e0 Colette Sirat","title_transcript":null,"title_translation":null,"short_title":null,"has_no_author":0,"volume":null,"date":"2006","edition_no":null,"free_date":"2006","abstract":null,"republication_of":null,"online_url":null,"online_resources":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"ti_url":null,"doi_url":null,"book":{"id":48,"pubplace":"Turnhout","publisher":"Brepols","series":"Textes et \u00e9tudes du moyen \u00e2ge","volume":"34","edition_no":null,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null}}},"article":null},"sort":["A Case of \"Author's Variant Readings\" and the Textual History of Averroes' Middle Commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics\n "]}

A Map of Averroes’ Criticism against Avicenna: Physics, De caelo, De generatione et corruptione and Meteorology, 2018
By: Cristina Cerami
Title A Map of Averroes’ Criticism against Avicenna: Physics, De caelo, De generatione et corruptione and Meteorology
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2018
Published in The Arabic, Hebrew and Latin Reception of Avicenna’s Physics and Cosmology
Pages 163–240
Categories Avicenna, De caelo, Physics, Meteorology, Commentary, Surveys
Author(s) Cristina Cerami
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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A Note about Two Newly-Discovered Hebrew Quotations of Averroes' Works Lost in their Original Arabic Texts, 2007
By: Mauro Zonta
Title A Note about Two Newly-Discovered Hebrew Quotations of Averroes' Works Lost in their Original Arabic Texts
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2007
Published in אודה לאוד״ה. Studies in Hebrew Literature and Jewish Culture. Presented to Albert van der Heide on the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday
Pages 241–250
Categories Transmission, Jewish Averroism
Author(s) Mauro Zonta
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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A propos de l'averroïsme. Prémisses pour une lecture philosophique, 2001
By: Bensalem Himmich
Title A propos de l'averroïsme. Prémisses pour une lecture philosophique
Type Book Section
Language French
Date 2001
Published in Actualité d'Averroès. Colloque du huitième centenaire. Carthage, 16–21 février 1998
Pages 238–241
Categories Averroism
Author(s) Bensalem Himmich
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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