The Genesis of Secular Politics in Medieval Philosophy: The King of Averroes and the Emperor of Dante, 2016
By: Sabeen Ahmed
Title The Genesis of Secular Politics in Medieval Philosophy: The King of Averroes and the Emperor of Dante
Type Article
Language undefined
Date 2016
Journal Labyrinth
Volume 18
Issue 2
Pages 209–231
Categories Politics, Aristotle, Tradition and Reception
Author(s) Sabeen Ahmed
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
In contemporary political discourse, the "clash of civilizations" rhetoric often undergirds philosophical analyses of "democracy" both at home and abroad. This is nowhere better articulated than in Jacques Derrida's Rogues, in which he describes Islam as the only religious or theocratic culture that would "inspire and declare any resistance to democracy" (Derrida 2005, 29). Curiously, Derrida attributes the failings of democracy in Islam to the lack of reference to Aristotle's Politics in the writings of the medieval Muslim philosophers. This paper aims to analyze this gross misconception of Islamic philosophy and illuminate the thoroughgoing influence the Muslim philosophers had on their Christian successors, those who are so often credited as foundations of Western political philosophy. In so doing, I compare the ideal states presented by Averroes and Dante – in which Aristotelian influence is intimately interlaced – and offer an analysis thereof as heralds of what we might call the secularization of the political, inspiring those democratic values that Derrida believes to be absent in the rich philosophy of the Middle Ages.

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Philosophy and Power in Averroës, 2016
By: Shawn Welnak
Title Philosophy and Power in Averroës
Type Article
Language English
Date 2016
Journal The Maghreb Review
Volume 41
Issue 2
Pages 325–335
Categories Review, Politics
Author(s) Shawn Welnak
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Welnak comments on “Wisdom and Power in Averroes’ Commentary on Plato’s Republic,” The Maghreb Review, 40.3 (2015): 308-318 by Colmo

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Averroes's Aesthetics. The Pleasure of Philosophy and the Pleasure of Poetry, 2015
By: Francesca Forte
Title Averroes's Aesthetics. The Pleasure of Philosophy and the Pleasure of Poetry
Type Article
Language English
Date 2015
Journal Quaestio
Volume 15
Pages 287–296
Categories Aristotle, Poetics, Commentary, Logic, Politics
Author(s) Francesca Forte
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The theme of the pleasure of knowledge is central in Averroes’ aesthetical reflection of Aristotle’s Poetics, regardless whether we side with the logical or with the moral interpretation. The first one stresses the continuity between Averroes and previous commentators in his attempt to reconstruct the Poetics as an integral part of the Logic itself, whereby poetic discourse is conceived as a form of reasoning based on syllogisms. According to the latter perspective, however, pleasure is central in that poetry is a tool towards the pursuit of happiness: in this perspective it is necessary to bear in mind some common themes present in other works by Averroes (particularly in the commentaries on the Aristotelian Organon – and especially the commentary on the Rhetoric –, in the commentaries on Plato’s Republic, and, last but not least, in the Decisive Treatise). The pleasure of contemplative knowledge must go hand in hand with the pursuit of communal happiness and therefore with the good and proper order of community and society. Poetry represents a central tool towards this aim in that it expresses moral truths which cannot not be communicated (to everybody) by means of logic and philosophy alone.

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Wisdom and Power in Averroes’ Commentary on Plato’s Republic, 2015
By: Christopher Colmo
Title Wisdom and Power in Averroes’ Commentary on Plato’s Republic
Type Article
Language English
Date 2015
Journal The Maghreb Review
Volume 40
Issue 3
Pages 308–318
Categories Commentary, Plato, Politics
Author(s) Christopher Colmo
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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(Re)traduction et restitution du texte d’Ibn Rushd dans sa langue d’origine: Commentaire de la République de Platon, 2013
By: Abdennour Benantar
Title (Re)traduction et restitution du texte d’Ibn Rushd dans sa langue d’origine: Commentaire de la République de Platon
Type Article
Language French
Date 2013
Journal Noesis
Volume 21
Pages 163–186
Categories Politics, Transmission
Author(s) Abdennour Benantar
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The article analyses the problematics of retranslation and restitution of Ibn Rushd’s Commentary of Plato’s Republic, in its original language, Arabic. Being at the confluents of politics and philosophy, this book is a real political treatise. The manuscript, probably lost during the time of Ibn Rushd’s disgrace, has reached us through its Hebrew translation by Samuel Ben Juda. Ahmed Chahlane and Mohamed A. al-Jabri have tried hard to return the manuscript from Hebrew into its original language. After determining the context in which Ibn Rushd’s book was written and its consequences for the author, the article analyses the problematics of (re)translation in the absence of the original (manuscript) and particularly the task of restitution conducted by Chahlane and al-Jabri. The focus is on their methodology of restitution and on the annotations made by Chahlane to the Hebrew and English translations from Hebrew by Rosenthal and Lerner, in which mistakes and approximations are numerous. The article shows how Chahlane and al-Jabri have considered the text in its original perspective and given back its frame using the work of Ibn Rushd himself and the Arab-Islamic philosophical corpus.

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La filosofía explica la revelación sobre el “Averroismo politico” en el Defensor pacis de Marsilio de Padua, 2011
By: Francisco Bertelloni
Title La filosofía explica la revelación sobre el “Averroismo politico” en el Defensor pacis de Marsilio de Padua
Type Article
Language Portuguese
Date 2011
Journal Educão e Filosofia Uberlândia
Volume 25
Issue 50
Pages 475–500
Categories Averroism, Politics
Author(s) Francisco Bertelloni
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Bruno Nardi fue el primero que tipificó el pensamiento de Marsilio de Padua como “averroismo político”. Sin embargo la edad media no tuvo acceso a la filosofía política de Averroes. Por ello es improbable que Nardi haya fundamentado la utilización de esa categoría teniendo en cuenta las ideas políticas de Averroes y de Marsilio. El artículo muestra que, en todo caso, Marsilio podría ser llamado “averroista político” teniendo en cuenta, no su pensamiento político, sino sus ideas filosóficas y, en especial, las actitudes metodológicas referidas a la relación Fe-Razón que manifiesta en su Defensor Pacis. A partir de Nardi el “averroismo político” se transformó en una categoría controvertida que condujo a una polémica acerca de la existencia o no de una corriente similar en el pensamiento político medieval. De hecho, en numerosos pasajes del Defensor pacis aparece la distinción Fe-razón utilizada en favor de un predominio de una actitud metodológica racionalista. Con todo, el racionalismo de Marsilio es fluctuante. Por ejemplo, cuando explica el nacimiento de la civitas, en lugar de demostrarlo a partir del concepto filosófico de natura, atribuye ese nacimiento al pecado original. Ese uso de la historia de la salvación y de la teología parece poner en duda el racionalismo extremo de Marsilio. El artículo propone responder tres preguntas: a) si Marsilio pone límites a la revelación en el Defensor Pacis; b) cuál es el alcance de ese límite; c) si ese límite que Marsilio pone a la Revelación puede ser considerado como una influencia averroista sobre el paduano.

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Platão, Al-Fārābī e Averróis: as qualidades essenciais ao governante, 2011
By: Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira
Title Platão, Al-Fārābī e Averróis: as qualidades essenciais ao governante
Type Article
Language Portuguese
Date 2011
Journal Trans/Form/Ação. Revista de Filosofia da UNESP
Volume 34
Issue 1
Pages 1–20
Categories al-Fārābī, Plato, Politics
Author(s) Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The political philosophy that developed in the Islamic world between the 9th and 12th centuries assumed ideas from Greek philosophy, mainly from Plato and Aristotle. Plato's Republic and Laws, and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics were the texts that laid the foundation for the political conceptions of the Arab philosophers, from the virtues to be sought after individually, to the idea of the best political regime. Based on the Greek texts translated into Arabic, these philosophers outlined the aims of political life, and the manner in which the political regime should be structured to achieve these aims. The ideal Platonic city is the paradigm to be realized. The topic of the ruler's essential qualities is part of a long tradition which remounts to the "mirrors of the princes" of Persian origin; it also appears in the Religious tradition and in the Islamic law. Two great exponents of the Arab-islamic philosophy, Al-Fârâbî and Averroes, retrieved the topic of the ruler's essential qualities of the king-philosopher uttered in the Republic, and adapted it to their historical universe.

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Alfonso X „the Wise“: the last Almohad caliph?, 2009
By: Maribel Fierro
Title Alfonso X „the Wise“: the last Almohad caliph?
Type Article
Language English
Date 2009
Journal Medieval Encounters
Volume 15
Issue 2-4
Pages 175-198
Categories Politics, Science
Author(s) Maribel Fierro
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averróis e a República de Platão, 2007
By: Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira, Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira
Title Averróis e a República de Platão
Type Article
Language Portuguese
Date 2007
Journal VeritasA Filosofia árabe e judaica e o ocidente medieval
Volume 52
Issue 3
Pages 104–116
Categories Plato, Politics
Author(s) Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira , Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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On Natural Right and Other Unwritten Guides to Political Well-Being, 2006
By: Charles E. Butterworth
Title On Natural Right and Other Unwritten Guides to Political Well-Being
Type Article
Language English
Date 2006
Journal The Good Society
Volume 15
Issue 2
Pages 53-55
Categories Law, Politics
Author(s) Charles E. Butterworth
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averróis e a República de Platão, 2007
By: Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira, Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira
Title Averróis e a República de Platão
Type Article
Language Portuguese
Date 2007
Journal VeritasA Filosofia árabe e judaica e o ocidente medieval
Volume 52
Issue 3
Pages 104–116
Categories Plato, Politics
Author(s) Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira , Rosalie Helena de Souza Pereira
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Critica de Averroes a la política islámica medieval, 1986
By: Miguel Cruz Hernández
Title Critica de Averroes a la política islámica medieval
Type Article
Language Spanish
Date 1986
Journal Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos en Madrid
Volume 23
Pages 15–47
Categories Politics
Author(s) Miguel Cruz Hernández
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Della Politica di Aristotele all’”averroismo politico”. Una vicenda paradossale, 2018
By: Gregorio Piaia
Title Della Politica di Aristotele all’”averroismo politico”. Una vicenda paradossale
Type Article
Language Italian
Date 2018
Journal Mediterranea
Volume 3
Pages 19–34
Categories Averroism, Politics, Aristotle, Modern Readings
Author(s) Gregorio Piaia
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
From the early twentieth century onwards, the concept of ‘political Averroism’ has become widespread, especially with reference to Dante Alighieri and to Marsilius of Padua. It is our intention here to establish and delineate the remotest origin of this concept, which can be fundamentally traced back to two elements: the central role accorded to political reflection as a consequence of the French Revolution, and the adoption of Averroes as a symbol and figure anticipating modern rationalism.

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Democracy in Islamic Political Philosophy, 1980
By: Fauzi M. Najjar
Title Democracy in Islamic Political Philosophy
Type Article
Language English
Date 1980
Journal Studia Islamica
Volume 51
Pages 107-122
Categories Surveys, Politics
Author(s) Fauzi M. Najjar
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Der Kommentar des Averroes zur Politeia Platons, 1958
By: Erwin Rosenthal
Title Der Kommentar des Averroes zur Politeia Platons
Type Article
Language German
Date 1958
Journal Zeitschrift für Politik, NEUE FOLGE
Volume 5
Issue 1
Pages 38-51
Categories Commentary, Politics, Plato
Author(s) Erwin Rosenthal
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Does Averroes Have a Philosophy of History?, 2004
By: Maroun Aouad
Title Does Averroes Have a Philosophy of History?
Type Article
Language English
Date 2004
Journal Mélanges de l'Université Saint-JosephThe Greek Strand in Islamic Political Thought. Proceedings of the Conference held at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 16–27 June 2003
Volume 57
Pages 411–441
Categories Politics, Plato
Author(s) Maroun Aouad
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The paper tries to determine whether Averroes has a theory of political change. It discusses his reasons for deviating from Plato's sequence of political regimes.

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Eliyah del Medigo ve-ha-maṣoret ha-medinit ha-ʾaplaṭonit bi-tqufat ha-Renaissance. ʿIm pirṣum ha-mahadurah ha-maddaʿit šel tirgumo ha-laṭini šel del Medigo la-nuṣaḥ ha-ʿibri šel peruš Ibn Rušd la-'Medinah' le-ʾaplaṭon, 1994
By: Abraham Melamed
Title Eliyah del Medigo ve-ha-maṣoret ha-medinit ha-ʾaplaṭonit bi-tqufat ha-Renaissance. ʿIm pirṣum ha-mahadurah ha-maddaʿit šel tirgumo ha-laṭini šel del Medigo la-nuṣaḥ ha-ʿibri šel peruš Ibn Rušd la-'Medinah' le-ʾaplaṭon
Translation Eliah del Medigo and the Platonic political tradition in the Renaissance. Includes publication of the scientific edition of del Medigo's Latin translation of the Hebrew version of Averroes's commentary on Plato's 'Republic'
Type Article
Language Hebrew
Date 1994
Journal Italia
Volume 11
Pages 57–76
Categories Politics, Renaissance, Latin Averroism, Plato
Author(s) Abraham Melamed
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Ethics in Medieval Islamic Philosophy, 1983
By: Charles E. Butterworth
Title Ethics in Medieval Islamic Philosophy
Type Article
Language English
Date 1983
Journal Journal of Religious Ethics
Volume 11
Pages 224–239
Categories Ethics, Relation between Philosophy and Theology, Politics
Author(s) Charles E. Butterworth
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Etica e política na filosofía de Averróis, 1961
By: Miguel Cruz Hernández
Title Etica e política na filosofía de Averróis
Type Article
Language Portuguese
Date 1961
Journal Revista portuguesa de Filosofía
Volume 17
Pages 127–150
Categories Ethics, Politics
Author(s) Miguel Cruz Hernández
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Ibn Rushd’s Political Philosophy in Contemporary Arab Scholarship: A Transient Revival
By: Malik Mufti
Title Ibn Rushd’s Political Philosophy in Contemporary Arab Scholarship: A Transient Revival
Type Article
Language English
Journal Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies
Volume 2
Issue 1
Pages 17–35
Categories Politics, Influence, Modern Readings
Author(s) Malik Mufti
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
What is it about Ibn Rushd that has made him such a lodestar for two different generations of Arab intellectuals–one which emerged in the early 1900s, the other in the late 1970s? Focusing on the second group, which arose in the milieu of young intellectuals who had been shaped by the secular pan-Arab nationalist and socialist ideologies of the 1950s and 1960s, but who now confronted the bankruptcy of those ideologies in the face of an insurgent populist Islamism, the following review identifies two currents in contemporary Arabic Rushdian scholarship: cultural nationalism and modernizing universalism. After analyzing how each sought inspiration in Ibn Rushd for its vision of Arab renewal, and then showing how deepening exposure to Ibn Rushd's texts revealed the incommensurability of his political philosophy with their nationalist, secularist or egalitarian agendas, I suggest that this "Second Wave" of Rushdian enthusiasm is already beginning to ebb. As pressure for democratization intensifies, the consolidation of democratic norms is narrowing the options for Arab intellectuals to a choice between a comprehensive liberalism and a religious populism neither of which seems to have any use for Ibn Rushd's political philosophy. While some individuals are opting for the latter choice, it appears that the majority of both currents are converging around a comprehensively liberal consensus. In such a context, can Ibn Rushd with his insistence on differentiating between high and low still provide, if not an alternative, at least a corrective to the prevailing spirit of the age?

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