Type of Media
Category
Ibn Rushd’s Middle Commentary on the Poetics, or the Ethical Education, 2024
By: Frédérique Woerther
Title Ibn Rushd’s Middle Commentary on the Poetics, or the Ethical Education
Type Article
Language undefined
Date 2024
Journal Journal of Islamic Ethics
Pages 1 - 25
Categories Poetics, Ethics, Logic
Author(s) Frédérique Woerther
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
In his Talkhīṣ Kitāb Arisṭūṭālīs fī l-Shiʿr (“Middle Commentary on Aristotle’s Poetics”) Ibn Rushd (Averroes, d. 595/1198) strictly defines poetic statements (al-aqāwīl al-shiʿriyya) as imaginative (mutakhayyila) statements that imitate the good and the evil, and aim at inciting people to virtue and deterring them from vice. Yet the traces of the Aristotelian ethical doctrine in this Commentary are not restricted to this link to virtue ethics, as the entire text follows at different levels the division between virtue/vice and good/evil. Ibn Rushd also refers to the teaching of ethics when discussing the object of poetic imitation (al-tashbīh wa-l-muḥākāt), the different natures he distinguishes among poets, and the genres of panegyric (madīḥ) and satire (hijāʾ). However, recent scholarship tends to view the Poetics in the Islamic context as a fundamentally logical treatise. Following the Alexandrian tradition, the falāsifa sought, at least since al-Fārābī (d. 339/950), to justify and explain the position of the Poetics in the Organon by defining, for example, the logical and psychological mechanisms of the poetical syllogism. More specifically, philosophers drew parallels between the role of imagination (takhayyul) in the poetical context and the role of assent or conviction (taṣdīq) in the other logical arts, and in particular in the Rhetoric (al-Khiṭāba). The purpose of this contribution is to demonstrate that the Poetics, according to Ibn Rushd, is a treatise that combines logic and ethics and determines in that respect the conditions and the rules of a practical education of the citizens. Like the rhetoric whose political value was already determined, poetics also plays a role in defining the nature and the content of the poetical statements that are to be employed in order to encourage people to virtuous actions – that is, the very condition for a virtuous political, and thus, a happy life. Straddling between logic and ethics, poetry is therefore fundamentally political.

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Averroès grammairien, 2022
By: Jean-Patrick Guillaume
Title Averroès grammairien
Type Article
Language English
Date 2022
Journal Histoire Épistémologie Langage
Volume 44
Issue 2
Pages S. 127-142
Categories Linguistics, Logic
Author(s) Jean-Patrick Guillaume
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The short treatise on Arabic grammar by Averroes (Ibn Rušd) entitled Al-Ḍarūrī fī ṣināˁat al-naḥw (“The Indispensable in the Art of Grammar”) is of considerable interest for the history of linguistic ideas. Although Averroes does not challenge the basic postulates and aims of traditional grammar, he adopts a more universalistic stance, and shows himself strongly critical of the grammarians, whom he reproaches with following an insufficiently rigorous method. This leads him, however, to raise a fundamental issue, already pointed out by Fārābī, the lack of a syntactic component in the traditional theory, and to put forth a quite original solution, reducing all possible constructions to two main types, predicative (tarkīb iḫbār) and determinative (tarkīb taqyīd).

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Keunggulan Metode Demonstratif Terhadap Metode Retorika Dan Dialektika: Menguak Metode Kritik Filsafat Ibn Rusyd, 2022
By: Raha Bistara
Title Keunggulan Metode Demonstratif Terhadap Metode Retorika Dan Dialektika: Menguak Metode Kritik Filsafat Ibn Rusyd
Type Article
Language Indonesian
Date 2022
Journal Al-Adyan: Jurnal Studi Lintas Agama
Volume 16
Issue 2
Pages 71-92
Categories Logic, Method, Relation between Philosophy and Theology
Author(s) Raha Bistara
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
This article shows how the demonstrative method (burhani) is more superior to rhetoric (khatabbi) and dialectic method (jaddali), the use of the demonstrative method is based on the utilization of the mind. Ibn Rusyd stated that the demonstrative method is considered the right method for seeking the answers above the questions on the subject of religion and philosophy. However, it is not amazed Ibn Rusyd used a demonstrative method to criticize the Mutakallimun Ash’ariyah and his followers especially Imam Al-Ghazali. Ibn Rusyd also criticized Ibn sina and Zahiriyah group with the method they used. There was confusion for the answer to who they presented regarding religious and philosophical problems. While there were many problems with their views especially in their books. This article used the library research method which uses literature either in the form of books, or notes from previous research reports. While the sources of this research there are two sources as primary source and secondary sources. This result of this research revealed that Ibn Rushd’s philosophy critical method from authentic sources related to the problem. Although, by the use of various sources used, it is hoped there will be a new finding related to demonstrative method initiated by Ibn Rushd in refuting the arguments of rhetorical and dialectical groups which are not deep, explicit, and simple. As well as providing the new formulas that are fresher and more varied concerning the answer about the problems of religion and philosophy.

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Medizin und Logik. Galen, al-Farabi, Maimonides und Averroes, 2022
By: Carl Ehrig-Eggert
Title Medizin und Logik. Galen, al-Farabi, Maimonides und Averroes
Type Article
Language German
Date 2022
Journal Zeitschrift für Geschichte der arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften
Volume 23
Pages 225 - 258
Categories Medicine, Logic
Author(s) Carl Ehrig-Eggert
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Ibn Rushd on Knowledge, Pleasures, and Analogy, 2021
By: Fouad Ben Ahmed
Title Ibn Rushd on Knowledge, Pleasures, and Analogy
Type Article
Language English
Date 2021
Journal Philosophy and Scienes in Muslim Contexts
Categories Logic, Psychology, Metaphysics, Poetics, Rhetoric
Author(s) Fouad Ben Ahmed
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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İbn Rüşd'de Bilimsel Kanıtlama Yöntemi, 2020
By: Haci Kaya
Title İbn Rüşd'de Bilimsel Kanıtlama Yöntemi
Type Article
Language Turkish
Date 2020
Journal Igdir University Journal of Social Sciences
Volume 23
Pages 27-86
Categories Logic, Commentary
Author(s) Haci Kaya
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Averroes wrote small, medium, and magnum commentaries on the Posterior Analytics, which is translated and commented many times until the 12th century, and also originated in original studies. Averroes has established the demonstration once again with his medium and magnum commentaries that are named Talkhis al-Burhan and Sharh al-Burhan/Tafsir al-Burhan, which have been largely successful in reflecting the authenticity of the Posterior Analytics, by placing the demonstration at the center of both his philosophical system and Islamic philosophy. The demonstration, in five arts which are an art encompassing human knowledge types and a method of obtaining these types of knowledge, refers to a method of scientific demonstration that builds the theoretical framework of definitive scientific knowledge. This scientific demonstrative method, which Averroes put at the center of his philosophical system and Islamic philosophy, corresponds to a scientific method that can be called “the inductive-deductive method” based on induction.

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Una posible influencia de Averroes en las referencias a la Poética en Tomás de Aquino, 2019
By: Luis Xavier López-Farjeat
Title Una posible influencia de Averroes en las referencias a la Poética en Tomás de Aquino
Type Article
Language Spanish
Date 2019
Journal Iztapalapa
Volume 26
Issue 58
Pages 51-62
Categories Aquinas, Aristotle, Logic, Ethics, Poetics
Author(s) Luis Xavier López-Farjeat
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
En el presente artículo se plantea la posibilidad de que el comentario medio de Averroes a la Poética de Aristóteles haya influido en alguna medida en Tomás de Aquino. Esta hipótesis se presenta a partir de los siguientes datos: a) Tomás de Aquino no comentó la Poética, pero sí conoció el comentario medio de Averroes a esta obra; b) Tomás de Aquino entendía la función de la poesía de modo similar a los filósofos árabes, a saber, como un discurso útil para la educación moral; y c) al igual que Averroes, Tomás de Aquino describe el discurso poético allegado al retórico y al dialéctico y, como tal, útil para engendrar convicciones.

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Essence, accident et nécessité: la notion de par soi chez Averroès, 2016
By: Cristina Cerami
Title Essence, accident et nécessité: la notion de par soi chez Averroès
Type Article
Language French
Date 2016
Journal Les Études Philosophiques
Volume 117
Issue 2
Pages 217–241
Categories Aristotle, Ontology, Commentary, Logic
Author(s) Cristina Cerami
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The notion of “per se” (καθ’ αὑτό) is one of the key elements of Aristotle’s ontology and epistemology. Nowhere, however, does Aristotle provide a systematic study of it, leaving the articulation of its different meanings and the significance of the general project in which this notion is inscribed unclear. This paper aims to study the interpretation that Averroes provides of this notion in his Long Commentary on the Posterior Analytics. In translating for the first time some long quotations of this commentary into a modern language, we will show the central role that this notion plays in Averroes’ scientific theory and in particular in his theory of demonstration of sign.

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Averroes's Aesthetics. The Pleasure of Philosophy and the Pleasure of Poetry, 2015
By: Francesca Forte
Title Averroes's Aesthetics. The Pleasure of Philosophy and the Pleasure of Poetry
Type Article
Language English
Date 2015
Journal Quaestio
Volume 15
Pages 287–296
Categories Aristotle, Poetics, Commentary, Logic, Politics
Author(s) Francesca Forte
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
The theme of the pleasure of knowledge is central in Averroes’ aesthetical reflection of Aristotle’s Poetics, regardless whether we side with the logical or with the moral interpretation. The first one stresses the continuity between Averroes and previous commentators in his attempt to reconstruct the Poetics as an integral part of the Logic itself, whereby poetic discourse is conceived as a form of reasoning based on syllogisms. According to the latter perspective, however, pleasure is central in that poetry is a tool towards the pursuit of happiness: in this perspective it is necessary to bear in mind some common themes present in other works by Averroes (particularly in the commentaries on the Aristotelian Organon – and especially the commentary on the Rhetoric –, in the commentaries on Plato’s Republic, and, last but not least, in the Decisive Treatise). The pleasure of contemplative knowledge must go hand in hand with the pursuit of communal happiness and therefore with the good and proper order of community and society. Poetry represents a central tool towards this aim in that it expresses moral truths which cannot not be communicated (to everybody) by means of logic and philosophy alone.

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Des fragments de l’Averroes Latinus (Commentaires de la Logica Vetus) à Darmstadt Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Ms. 426, 2011
By: Roland Hissette
Title Des fragments de l’Averroes Latinus (Commentaires de la Logica Vetus) à Darmstadt Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, Ms. 426
Type Article
Language French
Date 2011
Journal Recherches de Théologie et Philosophie médiévales
Volume 78
Issue 1
Pages 1-24
Categories Transmission, Commentary, Logic
Author(s) Roland Hissette
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
On the inside covers of Ms. 426 of the Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt (Da), one finds parchment pastedowns containing passages from the medieval Latin translation of Averroes’s Middle Commentaries on the Categories and Peri Hermeneias. The collation of these fragments shows that Da is nothing but a copy of the well-known Ms. UB Erfurt, Dep. Erf. CA. 2°, 318. Consequently, Da has no value for the critical reconstruction of the text.

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"Des propositions modales" epître d'ibn Malīḥ al-Raqqād, 1971
By: Abdelmajid El Ghannouchi
Title "Des propositions modales" epître d'ibn Malīḥ al-Raqqād
Type Article
Language French
Date 1971
Journal Arabica
Volume 18
Issue 2
Pages 202-210
Categories Logic
Author(s) Abdelmajid El Ghannouchi
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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A propos de trois anciennes éditions latines d'Aristote avec commentaires d'Averroès. Dont les incunables GW 2340/3106; IGI 796/1106, 2005
By: Roland Hissette
Title A propos de trois anciennes éditions latines d'Aristote avec commentaires d'Averroès. Dont les incunables GW 2340/3106; IGI 796/1106
Type Article
Language French
Date 2005
Journal Miscellanea Bibliothecae Apostolicae Vaticanae
Volume 12
Pages 181–238
Categories Logic, Latin Averroism, Aristotle
Author(s) Roland Hissette
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Aristotle's Poetics, the Poetic Syllogism, and Philosophical Truth in Averroes Commentary, 2001
By: Salim Kemal
Title Aristotle's Poetics, the Poetic Syllogism, and Philosophical Truth in Averroes Commentary
Type Article
Language English
Date 2001
Journal Journal of Value Inquiry
Volume 35
Issue 3
Pages 391-412
Categories Aristotle, Commentary, Poetics, Logic
Author(s) Salim Kemal
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes (Ibn Rushd) on the Modality of Propositions, 1965
By: Averroes, Douglas M. Dunlop (Ed.)
Title Averroes (Ibn Rushd) on the Modality of Propositions
Type Article
Language Arabic
Date 1965
Journal Al-dirāsāt al-ʾislāmīya
Volume 1
Issue 1
Pages 43–55
Categories Logic
Author(s) Averroes , Douglas M. Dunlop
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes (Ibn Rushd) on the Modality of Propositions, 1962
By: Averroes, Douglas M. Dunlop (Ed.)
Title Averroes (Ibn Rushd) on the Modality of Propositions
Type Article
Language Arabic
Date 1962
Journal Islamic Studies
Volume 1
Issue 1
Pages 23–34
Categories Logic
Author(s) Averroes , Douglas M. Dunlop
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes on the Doctrine of Genus as Matter, 2004
By: Matteo Di Giovanni
Title Averroes on the Doctrine of Genus as Matter
Type Article
Language English
Date 2004
Journal Documenti e Studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale
Volume 15
Pages 255–285
Categories Metaphysics, Logic
Author(s) Matteo Di Giovanni
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes über die Definition des Partikularen, 1994
By: Egbert Meyer
Title Averroes über die Definition des Partikularen
Type Article
Language German
Date 1994
Journal Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
Volume 144
Pages 28–32
Categories Logic
Author(s) Egbert Meyer
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

{"_index":"bib","_type":"_doc","_id":"518","_score":null,"_source":{"id":518,"authors_free":[{"id":663,"entry_id":518,"agent_type":"person","is_normalised":1,"person_id":796,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Egbert Meyer","free_first_name":"Egbert","free_last_name":"Meyer","norm_person":{"id":796,"first_name":"Egbert","last_name":"Meyer","full_name":"Egbert Meyer","short_ident":"EgbMey","is_classical_name":0,"dnb_url":"","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":1,"link":"bib?authors[]=Egbert Meyer"}}],"entry_title":"Averroes \u00fcber die Definition des Partikularen","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","main_title":{"title":"Averroes \u00fcber die Definition des Partikularen"},"abstract":"","btype":3,"date":"1994","language":"German","online_url":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43378657","doi_url":"","ti_url":"","categories":[{"id":27,"category_name":"Logic","link":"bib?categories[]=Logic"}],"authors":[{"id":796,"full_name":"Egbert Meyer","role":1}],"works":[],"republication_of":null,"translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":518,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenl\u00e4ndischen Gesellschaft","volume":"144","issue":null,"pages":"28\u201332"}},"sort":["Averroes \u00fcber die Definition des Partikularen"]}

Averroes' Rückwendung zu Aristoteles. Die 'Kurzen' und die 'Mittleren Kommentare zum Organon', 1980
By: Gregor Schoeler
Title Averroes' Rückwendung zu Aristoteles. Die 'Kurzen' und die 'Mittleren Kommentare zum Organon'
Type Article
Language German
Date 1980
Journal Bibliotheca orientalis
Volume 37
Pages 294–301
Categories Logic
Author(s) Gregor Schoeler
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes' Schriften zur Logik. Der arabische Text der Zweiten Analytiken im großen Kommentar des Averroes, 1980
By: Helmut Gätje, Gregor Schoeler
Title Averroes' Schriften zur Logik. Der arabische Text der Zweiten Analytiken im großen Kommentar des Averroes
Type Article
Language German
Date 1980
Journal Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
Volume 130
Pages 557–85
Categories Logic, Aristotle, Commentary
Author(s) Helmut Gätje , Gregor Schoeler
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)

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Averroes' Use of Examples in his Middle Commentary on the Prior Analytics and Some Remarks on his Role as Commentator, 1997
By: Steven Harvey
Title Averroes' Use of Examples in his Middle Commentary on the Prior Analytics and Some Remarks on his Role as Commentator
Type Article
Language English
Date 1997
Journal Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
Volume 7
Pages 91–113
Categories Logic
Author(s) Steven Harvey
Publisher(s)
Translator(s)
Averroes wrote three kinds of commentaries on the books of Aristotle - epitomes, middle commentaries, and long commentaries - and each kind had its own purposes. His aims may have also differed from text to text. That is, it seems reasonable to assume that he would stick closer to Aristotle in the logical works than, for example, in the metaphysical works. The present study investigates what may be called the “theological aspects” of Averroes' commentaries, and explores the commentary of Averroes that appears least likely to contain such elements, the Middle Commentary on the Prior Analytics. The Prior Analytics is perhaps the most straightforward, even pedantic, of all of Aristotle's writings, and of Averroes' three kinds of commentaries, it is the middle commentaries which are least likely to diverge or digress from the text of Aristotle. The only trace of a religious hand in the commentary is Averroes' use of examples, and, in particular, examples that conclude that “the world is created” and the like. It is argued that Averroes chose these examples to show the traditionalist reading public the falsity of the theologians claims against the logic of the philosophers. The Appendix to the article shows that medieval commentators on Averroes' commentaries were also struck by his “creation of the world” examples.

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